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Purpose <p>A comprehensive assessment of the application of electrokinetic remediation (EKR) in clay soil is currently lacking. This study aims to address this gap by evaluating EKR without additional enhancements at varying direct current (DC) voltage gradients.</p> Methods <p>EKR were conducted at 0.2&#xa0;V/cm, 1.0&#xa0;V/cm, and 2.0&#xa0;V/cm DC voltages, respectively, using deionized water as the electrolyte. Following a 20-day operation, a series of assessments were conducted, including the analysis of the residual Cd content, physicochemical properties, and the seed germination experiments, and life cycle assessment (LCA).</p> Results <p>Despite the voltage reaching 2.0&#xa0;V/cm, the efficacy of Cd removal was suboptimal due to the strong attraction of clay. Greater voltages result in more pronounced differences in the physicochemical properties of soils situated in disparate electric field regions. The release of soil-available nutrients was enhanced, especially available potassium increased by 26.04-66.69%. A low voltage gradient of 0.2&#xa0;V/cm had relatively mild effects on enzyme activity, and the sucrase activity even increased by 18%. The germination rate of Chinese white cabbage seeds improved from 76.63–83.3-96.67%. The cost was 1.54, 2.06, and 3.33 USD/g Cd, respectively. LCA suggests that the side effects of voltage increase on climate change, energy consumption and human health cannot be ignored.</p> Conclusion <p>The impact of EKR on the soil environment was determined to be non-destructive. From a sustainable standpoint, future research should focus on the development of green and cost-effective methods to enhance Cd desorption and to achieve the lowest possible voltage gradient for EKR.</p>

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Comprehensive assessment of the impact of voltage gradient on electrokinetic remediation of cadmium-contaminated clays: performance, soil environment, and environmental impact

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月19日

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  • Miaomiao Zhao,
  • Xiaoyu Jia,
  • Degang Ma,
  • Xuan Xu,
  • Liying Wang,
  • Chunfeng Song

摘要

Purpose

A comprehensive assessment of the application of electrokinetic remediation (EKR) in clay soil is currently lacking. This study aims to address this gap by evaluating EKR without additional enhancements at varying direct current (DC) voltage gradients.

Methods

EKR were conducted at 0.2 V/cm, 1.0 V/cm, and 2.0 V/cm DC voltages, respectively, using deionized water as the electrolyte. Following a 20-day operation, a series of assessments were conducted, including the analysis of the residual Cd content, physicochemical properties, and the seed germination experiments, and life cycle assessment (LCA).

Results

Despite the voltage reaching 2.0 V/cm, the efficacy of Cd removal was suboptimal due to the strong attraction of clay. Greater voltages result in more pronounced differences in the physicochemical properties of soils situated in disparate electric field regions. The release of soil-available nutrients was enhanced, especially available potassium increased by 26.04-66.69%. A low voltage gradient of 0.2 V/cm had relatively mild effects on enzyme activity, and the sucrase activity even increased by 18%. The germination rate of Chinese white cabbage seeds improved from 76.63–83.3-96.67%. The cost was 1.54, 2.06, and 3.33 USD/g Cd, respectively. LCA suggests that the side effects of voltage increase on climate change, energy consumption and human health cannot be ignored.

Conclusion

The impact of EKR on the soil environment was determined to be non-destructive. From a sustainable standpoint, future research should focus on the development of green and cost-effective methods to enhance Cd desorption and to achieve the lowest possible voltage gradient for EKR.