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Purpose <p>This study is based on the unique combination of chemical, mineralogical and granulometric analyses of samples taken along the complete chain of metal(oid) pollution from bedrock and mine waste rock, to stream sediment and floodplain sediment, along the source‒pathway‒receptor contamination risk assessment chain, presented through the case study of the historic Baiut mining catchment in Romania.</p> Materials and methods <p>The distribution and fate of As, Pb, Cd, and Zn, in addition to Sb and Cu, are investigated and modelled with data mining and statistical analysis methods such as enrichment factor calculations, interactive outlier rejection regression analysis, partial correlations, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The total concentrations of metals and metalloids were determined by ICP-OES after multi-acid total digestion, in addition to pH measurements, and X-ray diffraction analysis for the mineralogical composition. Grain size distribution was determined with the wet sieving method. The consistency of the dataset is confirmed by the good agreement of the independent chemical and mineralogical analyses.</p> Results and discussion <p>Results show that As, Cd, Pb, and Zn exceed the environmental guidelines in the studied rocks and sediments. Despite the occasional pH-dependence of these elements, detailed analysis of the chemical and mineralogical composition of sediments show that metal(oid) speciation is determined by the original hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation of the bedrocks. Definition of geochemical background concentration values uses the novel combination of bedrock chemical and mineralogical composition, analysis of background stream sediment sample, comparison of concentration levels among bedrock, mine waste, stream sediments, and floodplain sediment, and analysis of spatial concentration trends along the stream course.</p> Conclusions <p>Together with the grain size analysis results, data modelling confirmed that the distribution of elements is controlled primarily by physical (hydrological‒sedimentological) processes, rather than by secondary geochemical processes such as adsorption or co-precipitation, in the studied high-energy mountainous fluvial system. The presented methods also have potential for application to geochemical mineral exploration.</p>

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Sedimentological and mineral control on metal(oid) distribution in sediments along the source (base rock, mining waste)‒pathway (stream sediment)‒receptor (floodplain sediment) chain in a catchment impacted by historical mining: a case study from the Baiut Mining Area, Romania

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月1日

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  • Diego Magalhães Borges Santanna,
  • Gyozo Jordan,
  • Damian Gheorghe,
  • András Bartha,
  • Ubul Fügedi,
  • Ágnes Majnovics,
  • Juliánna Albert,
  • Stefan Valdman,
  • Ioana Chira

摘要

Purpose

This study is based on the unique combination of chemical, mineralogical and granulometric analyses of samples taken along the complete chain of metal(oid) pollution from bedrock and mine waste rock, to stream sediment and floodplain sediment, along the source‒pathway‒receptor contamination risk assessment chain, presented through the case study of the historic Baiut mining catchment in Romania.

Materials and methods

The distribution and fate of As, Pb, Cd, and Zn, in addition to Sb and Cu, are investigated and modelled with data mining and statistical analysis methods such as enrichment factor calculations, interactive outlier rejection regression analysis, partial correlations, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The total concentrations of metals and metalloids were determined by ICP-OES after multi-acid total digestion, in addition to pH measurements, and X-ray diffraction analysis for the mineralogical composition. Grain size distribution was determined with the wet sieving method. The consistency of the dataset is confirmed by the good agreement of the independent chemical and mineralogical analyses.

Results and discussion

Results show that As, Cd, Pb, and Zn exceed the environmental guidelines in the studied rocks and sediments. Despite the occasional pH-dependence of these elements, detailed analysis of the chemical and mineralogical composition of sediments show that metal(oid) speciation is determined by the original hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation of the bedrocks. Definition of geochemical background concentration values uses the novel combination of bedrock chemical and mineralogical composition, analysis of background stream sediment sample, comparison of concentration levels among bedrock, mine waste, stream sediments, and floodplain sediment, and analysis of spatial concentration trends along the stream course.

Conclusions

Together with the grain size analysis results, data modelling confirmed that the distribution of elements is controlled primarily by physical (hydrological‒sedimentological) processes, rather than by secondary geochemical processes such as adsorption or co-precipitation, in the studied high-energy mountainous fluvial system. The presented methods also have potential for application to geochemical mineral exploration.