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Purpose <p>This study assesses the environmental performance of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) derived from refined bleached deodorized palm kernel oil (RBDPKO).</p> Methods <p>A cradle-to-grave system-boundary life cycle assessment (LCA) compliant with ISO 14,040 and ISO 14,044 was conducted to evaluate the production of Bioavtur J2.4 at PT Kilang Pertamina Internasional (KPI) – RU IV Cilacap.</p> Results and discussion <p>Comprehensive life cycle inventory and impact assessment from the plantation area, palm kernel oil extraction and refining, and Bioavtur J2.4 production were obtained. Under the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), SAF must achieve at least a 10% reduction in global warming potential (GWP) compared to fossil jet fuel, equivalent to 80.9&#xa0;g CO₂ eq/MJ. The system boundary includes hydrotreating of a fuel blend containing 2.4% RBDPKO and 97.6% kerosene in a Treated Distillate Hydro Treating (TDHT) unit. The total GWP of Bioavtur J2.4 is 83.5&#xa0;g CO₂ eq/MJ, with the grave stage contributing 84%, followed by the cradle (15%) and the gate (1%). The GWP of pure SAF was also quantified in accordance with CORSIA procedures, yielding 40.64&#xa0;g CO₂ eq/MJ. However, indirect land-use change (ILUC) accounts for the majority of the total GWP under CORSIA. With methane capture above 85%, the total GWP is 79.7&#xa0;g CO₂ eq/MJ, meeting CORSIA eligibility. In contrast, capture rates below 85% increase the GWP to 100.6&#xa0;g CO₂ eq/MJ.</p> Conclusions <p>These findings highlight the critical role of upstream processes, particularly CPKO production and fresh fruit bunch (FFB) cultivation, in determining the environmental performance of RBDPKO-based SAF.</p>

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Life cycle assessment of sustainable aviation fuel from refined bleached deodorized palm kernel oil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • Sunu Herwi Pranolo,
  • Joko Waluyo,
  • Wusana Agung Wibowo,
  • Novesa Nurgirisia,
  • Muflih Arisa Adnan,
  • Prabang Setyono,
  • Firman Asto Putro,
  • Ibnu Tryansar Purba,
  • I. G. B. Ngurah Makertihartha,
  • Sahkundiyar

摘要

Purpose

This study assesses the environmental performance of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) derived from refined bleached deodorized palm kernel oil (RBDPKO).

Methods

A cradle-to-grave system-boundary life cycle assessment (LCA) compliant with ISO 14,040 and ISO 14,044 was conducted to evaluate the production of Bioavtur J2.4 at PT Kilang Pertamina Internasional (KPI) – RU IV Cilacap.

Results and discussion

Comprehensive life cycle inventory and impact assessment from the plantation area, palm kernel oil extraction and refining, and Bioavtur J2.4 production were obtained. Under the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), SAF must achieve at least a 10% reduction in global warming potential (GWP) compared to fossil jet fuel, equivalent to 80.9 g CO₂ eq/MJ. The system boundary includes hydrotreating of a fuel blend containing 2.4% RBDPKO and 97.6% kerosene in a Treated Distillate Hydro Treating (TDHT) unit. The total GWP of Bioavtur J2.4 is 83.5 g CO₂ eq/MJ, with the grave stage contributing 84%, followed by the cradle (15%) and the gate (1%). The GWP of pure SAF was also quantified in accordance with CORSIA procedures, yielding 40.64 g CO₂ eq/MJ. However, indirect land-use change (ILUC) accounts for the majority of the total GWP under CORSIA. With methane capture above 85%, the total GWP is 79.7 g CO₂ eq/MJ, meeting CORSIA eligibility. In contrast, capture rates below 85% increase the GWP to 100.6 g CO₂ eq/MJ.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the critical role of upstream processes, particularly CPKO production and fresh fruit bunch (FFB) cultivation, in determining the environmental performance of RBDPKO-based SAF.