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Purpose <p>Temporal issues and biogenic carbon remain important considerations in the life cycle assessment (LCA) of bio-based products. Tracking carbon fluxes over time adds valuable information on their climate impact. This study incorporates biogenic carbon to evaluate the climate impact of a wood-based textile product using the <i>bw_timex</i> tool, which operationalizes the application of a time-explicit LCA framework. This framework supports dynamic inventory modeling (DIM), dynamic impact assessment (DIA), and technological projections via prospective databases.</p> Methods <p>Three approaches were applied: Case 1 integrates DIM, DIA, technological projections, and dynamic biogenic carbon accounting. Case 2 is identical to Case 1 but excludes technological projections. Case 3 lacks dynamic elements and technological projections, while relying on static biogenic carbon accounting. A cradle-to-grave system for a lyocell dress and its underlying inventory was developed using secondary data. Annual biogenic carbon fluxes were estimated using the CARBINE forest model. The functional unit (FU) was wearing the dress 500 times. The Brightway LCA framework was used for inventory modeling and impact assessment, covering three metrics: global warming potential over 100 years (GWP100), dynamic LCA, and radiative forcing (RF). Prospective SSP2-Base databases 2025–2040 were generated using the <i>premise</i> tool. A one-at-a-time sensitivity analysis was performed for key parameters.</p> Results and discussion <p>Under the RF metric, Cases 1 and 2 show 21% and 4% lower climate impacts per FU, respectively, compared with Case 3. The larger reduction in Case 1 highlights the dominant role of technological projections, whereas the smaller reduction in Case 2 reflects the effect of temporal modeling alone. Excluding biogenic carbon shows a similar pattern, indicating its minimal influence, largely due to the short cycle of eucalyptus and the dominant role of electricity during the use phase. Sensitivity analysis under Case 1 indicates that using no electricity for drying lowers climate impact by 58%, while switching to SSP1-Base and SSP5-Base alters impacts by -15% and + 21%. Limiting dress use to only 300 wears before disposal raises the impact by 10%.</p> Conclusions <p>Our study shows that use-phase scenario assumptions and prospective database choices largely shape the lyocell dress’s climate impact, with biogenic carbon contributing minimally. This highlights the need to account for future energy transitions in products with recurring energy use and incorporate more SSPs to capture diverse future pathways. Future research could apply a similar framework with consequential modeling to explore how changes in lyocell dress demand drive market-level substitution and environmental trade-offs.</p>

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Time‑explicit life cycle assessment of a lyocell dress using bw_timex with biogenic carbon accounting

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Adisa Ramadhan Wiloso,
  • Mohammad El Wali,
  • Juulia Suuronen,
  • Jing Yang,
  • Hanna L. Tuomisto,
  • Elias Hurmekoski

摘要

Purpose

Temporal issues and biogenic carbon remain important considerations in the life cycle assessment (LCA) of bio-based products. Tracking carbon fluxes over time adds valuable information on their climate impact. This study incorporates biogenic carbon to evaluate the climate impact of a wood-based textile product using the bw_timex tool, which operationalizes the application of a time-explicit LCA framework. This framework supports dynamic inventory modeling (DIM), dynamic impact assessment (DIA), and technological projections via prospective databases.

Methods

Three approaches were applied: Case 1 integrates DIM, DIA, technological projections, and dynamic biogenic carbon accounting. Case 2 is identical to Case 1 but excludes technological projections. Case 3 lacks dynamic elements and technological projections, while relying on static biogenic carbon accounting. A cradle-to-grave system for a lyocell dress and its underlying inventory was developed using secondary data. Annual biogenic carbon fluxes were estimated using the CARBINE forest model. The functional unit (FU) was wearing the dress 500 times. The Brightway LCA framework was used for inventory modeling and impact assessment, covering three metrics: global warming potential over 100 years (GWP100), dynamic LCA, and radiative forcing (RF). Prospective SSP2-Base databases 2025–2040 were generated using the premise tool. A one-at-a-time sensitivity analysis was performed for key parameters.

Results and discussion

Under the RF metric, Cases 1 and 2 show 21% and 4% lower climate impacts per FU, respectively, compared with Case 3. The larger reduction in Case 1 highlights the dominant role of technological projections, whereas the smaller reduction in Case 2 reflects the effect of temporal modeling alone. Excluding biogenic carbon shows a similar pattern, indicating its minimal influence, largely due to the short cycle of eucalyptus and the dominant role of electricity during the use phase. Sensitivity analysis under Case 1 indicates that using no electricity for drying lowers climate impact by 58%, while switching to SSP1-Base and SSP5-Base alters impacts by -15% and + 21%. Limiting dress use to only 300 wears before disposal raises the impact by 10%.

Conclusions

Our study shows that use-phase scenario assumptions and prospective database choices largely shape the lyocell dress’s climate impact, with biogenic carbon contributing minimally. This highlights the need to account for future energy transitions in products with recurring energy use and incorporate more SSPs to capture diverse future pathways. Future research could apply a similar framework with consequential modeling to explore how changes in lyocell dress demand drive market-level substitution and environmental trade-offs.