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<p>Heavy metal contamination commonly occurs as a mixture of multiple toxic metals, and plant reactions to mixed metal stress are still not completely understood. This study evaluated the heavy metal and phytoextraction efficiency of potential hyperaccumulator <i>Alternanthera ficoidea</i> put in mixed chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) under controlled polyhouse conditions. The experiment lasted 60&#xa0;days, and plants were exposed to different Cr–Ni–Cd combinations during the process, growth, biomass, metal accumulation, primary metabolites, non-enzymatic antioxidants and antioxidant enzyme activities were all quantified. The strong influence on the growth at high doses was clearly indicated by the significant reduction of both shoot and root lengths and the decrease of the fresh and dry biomass as the concentrations of the ternary metals increased. On the other hand, <i>A. ficoidea</i> did accumulate metals to a large extent, with bioaccumulation and translocation factors being &gt; 1, which proved that <i>A. ficoidea</i> was quite effective in taking up metals from the growth medium and in transporting them to the above-ground parts. Marked increases in proline, total phenolics and flavonoids, together with enhanced DPPH radical scavenging, metal chelating capacity and reducing power, were all consequences of metal stress, while the contents of protein, carbohydrate and chlorophyll diminished. The superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were very much increased, indicating that the metal-induced oxidative stress had been met by an even stronger antioxidant defence; thus, there was an activation of the antioxidant defence. The enhanced antioxidant defence system and efficient metal accumulation indicate that <i>A. ficoidea</i> mitigates metal-induced oxidative stress through coordinated physiological and biochemical adaptations. Therefore, the study has come to the conclusion that <i>A. ficoidea</i> is a plant that embodies the combination of high multi-metal accumulation together with robust physiological and biochemical tolerance; therefore, its potential use as a candidate species for the reclamation of Cr–Ni–Cd co-contaminated environments is firmly supported.</p>

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Phytoremediation and tolerance efficiency of Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) P.Beauv. under ternary metal stress conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Chandni Asha Syamlal,
  • Das Sayantan

摘要

Heavy metal contamination commonly occurs as a mixture of multiple toxic metals, and plant reactions to mixed metal stress are still not completely understood. This study evaluated the heavy metal and phytoextraction efficiency of potential hyperaccumulator Alternanthera ficoidea put in mixed chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) under controlled polyhouse conditions. The experiment lasted 60 days, and plants were exposed to different Cr–Ni–Cd combinations during the process, growth, biomass, metal accumulation, primary metabolites, non-enzymatic antioxidants and antioxidant enzyme activities were all quantified. The strong influence on the growth at high doses was clearly indicated by the significant reduction of both shoot and root lengths and the decrease of the fresh and dry biomass as the concentrations of the ternary metals increased. On the other hand, A. ficoidea did accumulate metals to a large extent, with bioaccumulation and translocation factors being > 1, which proved that A. ficoidea was quite effective in taking up metals from the growth medium and in transporting them to the above-ground parts. Marked increases in proline, total phenolics and flavonoids, together with enhanced DPPH radical scavenging, metal chelating capacity and reducing power, were all consequences of metal stress, while the contents of protein, carbohydrate and chlorophyll diminished. The superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were very much increased, indicating that the metal-induced oxidative stress had been met by an even stronger antioxidant defence; thus, there was an activation of the antioxidant defence. The enhanced antioxidant defence system and efficient metal accumulation indicate that A. ficoidea mitigates metal-induced oxidative stress through coordinated physiological and biochemical adaptations. Therefore, the study has come to the conclusion that A. ficoidea is a plant that embodies the combination of high multi-metal accumulation together with robust physiological and biochemical tolerance; therefore, its potential use as a candidate species for the reclamation of Cr–Ni–Cd co-contaminated environments is firmly supported.