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<p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are priority persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to their toxicity, mutagenicity, and environmental persistence. This study developed a low-cost adsorbent from waste low-density polyethylene (LDPE), carbonized at 500&#xa0;°C, activated with ZnCl<sub>2</sub>, and modified with β-keratin extracted from chicken feathers. The keratin-modified LDPE adsorbent (KMLDPEA) was compared with the unmodified LDPE (UMLDPEA). SEM/EDX revealed carbon enrichment from 75.52% to 84.87% for KMLDPEA and 57.45% to 70.06% for UMLDPEA post-adsorption, while FTIR confirmed hydroxyl (3255–3456&#xa0;cm⁻<sup>1</sup>) and aromatic (1417–1869&#xa0;cm⁻<sup>1</sup>) groups enhancing PAH affinity. Adsorption of five priority PAHs (naphthalene, fluorene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene) was optimized using response surface methodology–central composite design (RSM-CCD) across pH (3–10), dosage (0.2–1.0&#xa0;g), contact time (10–50&#xa0;min), temperature (27–37&#xa0;°C), and concentration (0.01–0.5&#xa0;mg/L). Optimal conditions (pH 7, 0.8&#xa0;g, 40&#xa0;min, 32&#xa0;°C, 50&#xa0;min, and 0.23&#xa0;mg/L) achieved 82–91% removal with KMLDPEA and 65–74% for UMLDPEA. GC–MS confirmed residual PAHs &lt; 0.00001&#xa0;mg/L, meeting NESREA/SON discharge standards. These findings highlight keratin-modified and unmodified LDPE adsorbents as a sustainable, high-performance activated carbon for industrial PAHs remediation.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Optimized adsorptive removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from wastewater by low-cost adsorbent using response surface methodology-central composite design

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Olasunkanmi Olalekan Olaiya,
  • Oluwakemi Hannah Olukoyejo,
  • Aderonke Adetutu Okoya

摘要

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are priority persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to their toxicity, mutagenicity, and environmental persistence. This study developed a low-cost adsorbent from waste low-density polyethylene (LDPE), carbonized at 500 °C, activated with ZnCl2, and modified with β-keratin extracted from chicken feathers. The keratin-modified LDPE adsorbent (KMLDPEA) was compared with the unmodified LDPE (UMLDPEA). SEM/EDX revealed carbon enrichment from 75.52% to 84.87% for KMLDPEA and 57.45% to 70.06% for UMLDPEA post-adsorption, while FTIR confirmed hydroxyl (3255–3456 cm⁻1) and aromatic (1417–1869 cm⁻1) groups enhancing PAH affinity. Adsorption of five priority PAHs (naphthalene, fluorene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene) was optimized using response surface methodology–central composite design (RSM-CCD) across pH (3–10), dosage (0.2–1.0 g), contact time (10–50 min), temperature (27–37 °C), and concentration (0.01–0.5 mg/L). Optimal conditions (pH 7, 0.8 g, 40 min, 32 °C, 50 min, and 0.23 mg/L) achieved 82–91% removal with KMLDPEA and 65–74% for UMLDPEA. GC–MS confirmed residual PAHs < 0.00001 mg/L, meeting NESREA/SON discharge standards. These findings highlight keratin-modified and unmodified LDPE adsorbents as a sustainable, high-performance activated carbon for industrial PAHs remediation.

Graphical abstract