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<p>Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have emerged as ubiquitous environmental contaminants, with increasing evidence of human exposure and growing concern regarding their potential health impacts. Recent investigations have documented their presence in multiple human biological matrices. This systematic review aimed to comprehensively synthesize current evidence on the occurrence, physical and chemical characteristics, and biodistribution of MPs and NPs in human tissues and body fluids; critically evaluate the analytical techniques used for their detection; and identify key gaps in existing knowledge. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-P guidelines. Five major scientific databases, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar, were systematically searched for peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2025 that reported direct detection of MPs or NPs in human biological samples. Following rigorous screening and eligibility assessment, 25 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The reviewed evidence confirmed widespread detection of MPs and NPs across diverse human matrices, including excretory products, respiratory secretions, systemic circulation, vascular tissues, major organs, and placental tissue, underscoring their ability to translocate within the human body. Considerable variability was observed in reported particle size, shape, polymer type, and concentration, largely reflecting methodological heterogeneity and differences in environmental exposure contexts. Overall, this review underscores substantial knowledge gaps regarding human biodistribution patterns, emphasizing the urgent need for standardization.</p>

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A systematic review of the presence and potential health impacts of microplastics in the human body

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月25日

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  • Girish Chandra Sharma,
  • Anupama Sharma,
  • Sourav Debnath,
  • Bhumi Chaturvedi,
  • Rahul Mulchandji Joshi,
  • Mahaveer Singh,
  • Deepak Nathiya,
  • Balvir Singh Tomar

摘要

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have emerged as ubiquitous environmental contaminants, with increasing evidence of human exposure and growing concern regarding their potential health impacts. Recent investigations have documented their presence in multiple human biological matrices. This systematic review aimed to comprehensively synthesize current evidence on the occurrence, physical and chemical characteristics, and biodistribution of MPs and NPs in human tissues and body fluids; critically evaluate the analytical techniques used for their detection; and identify key gaps in existing knowledge. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-P guidelines. Five major scientific databases, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar, were systematically searched for peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2025 that reported direct detection of MPs or NPs in human biological samples. Following rigorous screening and eligibility assessment, 25 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The reviewed evidence confirmed widespread detection of MPs and NPs across diverse human matrices, including excretory products, respiratory secretions, systemic circulation, vascular tissues, major organs, and placental tissue, underscoring their ability to translocate within the human body. Considerable variability was observed in reported particle size, shape, polymer type, and concentration, largely reflecting methodological heterogeneity and differences in environmental exposure contexts. Overall, this review underscores substantial knowledge gaps regarding human biodistribution patterns, emphasizing the urgent need for standardization.