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<p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental pollutants of growing concern due to their wide use, resistance to degradation, and potential risks to human health and ecosystems. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of PFAS contamination in soils from a more than century-old long-term fertilisation experiment, fire training grounds, and landfills, as well as their presence in atmospheric precipitation conducted under Central European environmental conditions. Soil, leachate, and precipitation samples were analysed for 54 PFAS compounds using the HPLC-MS/MS method. Elevated concentrations, mainly of short-chain compounds (PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFBA), were detected at sites where AFFF (aqueous film-forming foam) was used (Σ 2537&#xa0;µg·kg<sup>−1</sup>) and in landfill leachates (Σ 2325–3664&#xa0;ng·dm<sup>−3</sup>). In contrast, soils from the fertilisation experiment without biosolid or sewage application showed PFAS at detection limits. Atmospheric deposition was identified as a potential PFAS source in agricultural areas, with PFBA prevailing in precipitation (14.8&#xa0;ng·dm<sup>−3</sup>; over 70% of total PFAS). The results indicate an environmental risk linked to PFAS dispersion, especially near firefighting and landfill sites, highlighting the need for continued monitoring and strategies to limit PFAS mobility in soils.</p>

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Sources and environmental occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment: a threat to Central European agriculture

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Wiesław Szulc,
  • Stanisław Gawroński,
  • Dominika Gancarczyk,
  • Witold Szulc,
  • Beata Rutkowska,
  • Małgorzata Majder-Łopatka

摘要

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental pollutants of growing concern due to their wide use, resistance to degradation, and potential risks to human health and ecosystems. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of PFAS contamination in soils from a more than century-old long-term fertilisation experiment, fire training grounds, and landfills, as well as their presence in atmospheric precipitation conducted under Central European environmental conditions. Soil, leachate, and precipitation samples were analysed for 54 PFAS compounds using the HPLC-MS/MS method. Elevated concentrations, mainly of short-chain compounds (PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFBA), were detected at sites where AFFF (aqueous film-forming foam) was used (Σ 2537 µg·kg−1) and in landfill leachates (Σ 2325–3664 ng·dm−3). In contrast, soils from the fertilisation experiment without biosolid or sewage application showed PFAS at detection limits. Atmospheric deposition was identified as a potential PFAS source in agricultural areas, with PFBA prevailing in precipitation (14.8 ng·dm−3; over 70% of total PFAS). The results indicate an environmental risk linked to PFAS dispersion, especially near firefighting and landfill sites, highlighting the need for continued monitoring and strategies to limit PFAS mobility in soils.