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<p>In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial properties of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) synthesized via a bottom-up approach. Due to their tendency to aggregate in aqueous solutions, various surfactants were used as stabilizers. We examined the effects of GNRs in combination with commonly used surfactants—including the cationic CTAB, anionic TWEEN, and non-ionic TRITON—to evaluate their impact on GNR toxicity. A range of GNR-surfactant concentrations was tested against biofilm-forming (<i>Escherichia coli</i> MG1655 and <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> DSM 20044) and non-biofilm-forming (<i>E. coli</i> TOP10 and <i>S. epidermidis</i> BH1) bacterial strains under short-term (acute) and long-term (continuous) exposure conditions. CTAB alone exhibited antibacterial effects, but a synergistic interaction between CTAB and GNRs was observed during continuous exposure, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria. The capability to form biofilms did not significantly contribute to bacterial resistance, except in <i>E. coli</i> MG1655, which survived at the highest concentrations of GNR-CTAB during short-term exposure. In contrast to GNR-CTAB, GNR-TWEEN, and GNR-TRITON suspensions showed no inhibitory effects on bacterial growth and, in some cases, even promoted bacterial growth. Microscopic analysis revealed bacterial cell aggregation exclusively in GNR-CTAB suspensions. These findings highlight the critical role of surfactant selection in modulating GNR toxicity and provide insights into optimizing GNRs as antibacterial agents or minimizing their environmental impact.</p>

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Functional synergistic effects of graphene nanoribbons and surfactant stabilizers on inhibition of growth of biofilm-forming and biofilm non-forming bacteria

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月27日

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  • Iaroslav Rybkin,
  • Olga Zakharova,
  • Alexander Gusev,
  • Ales Lapanje

摘要

In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial properties of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) synthesized via a bottom-up approach. Due to their tendency to aggregate in aqueous solutions, various surfactants were used as stabilizers. We examined the effects of GNRs in combination with commonly used surfactants—including the cationic CTAB, anionic TWEEN, and non-ionic TRITON—to evaluate their impact on GNR toxicity. A range of GNR-surfactant concentrations was tested against biofilm-forming (Escherichia coli MG1655 and Staphylococcus epidermidis DSM 20044) and non-biofilm-forming (E. coli TOP10 and S. epidermidis BH1) bacterial strains under short-term (acute) and long-term (continuous) exposure conditions. CTAB alone exhibited antibacterial effects, but a synergistic interaction between CTAB and GNRs was observed during continuous exposure, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria. The capability to form biofilms did not significantly contribute to bacterial resistance, except in E. coli MG1655, which survived at the highest concentrations of GNR-CTAB during short-term exposure. In contrast to GNR-CTAB, GNR-TWEEN, and GNR-TRITON suspensions showed no inhibitory effects on bacterial growth and, in some cases, even promoted bacterial growth. Microscopic analysis revealed bacterial cell aggregation exclusively in GNR-CTAB suspensions. These findings highlight the critical role of surfactant selection in modulating GNR toxicity and provide insights into optimizing GNRs as antibacterial agents or minimizing their environmental impact.