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<p>The lower Yangtze River basin represents a significant zone for the production, utilization, and emission of organophosphate esters (OPEs). This study examined the occurrence, concentration levels, and spatial distribution of eight commonly found OPEs in the lower Yangtze River water during 2022–2024, while assessing associated ecological and health risks. Five target OPEs maintained high detection frequencies throughout the three-year period. Chlorinated OPEs dominated the OPE profile in surface waters. Spatially, elevated concentrations were observed along the Nanjing-Shanghai river reach. The severe drought in 2022 contributed to comparatively lower overall OPE concentrations. A notable surge in TCEP levels occurred in September 2023, likely attributable to atmospheric wet deposition and industrial wastewater discharges. Data from newly added sampling points near the middle reaches in 2024 indicate lower OPE concentrations. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) primarily originated from inadequately treated sewage and industrial effluents, while tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) showed strong associations with vehicular emissions, maritime transport discharges, and industrial operations. Ecological risk assessment identified TCEP as requiring particular attention, and health risk evaluation indicated negligible health concerns from OPEs in drinking water sources throughout lower reaches of the Yangtze River.</p>

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Tracking the fate of organophosphate esters: from occurrence to risk in the lower Yangtze River water

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Yi Zhou,
  • Wenxuan Ma,
  • Wanyu Li,
  • Ge Yin,
  • Jiajun Chang,
  • Yao Xiao,
  • Zhiliang Zhu,
  • Rui Wang,
  • Yanling Qiu

摘要

The lower Yangtze River basin represents a significant zone for the production, utilization, and emission of organophosphate esters (OPEs). This study examined the occurrence, concentration levels, and spatial distribution of eight commonly found OPEs in the lower Yangtze River water during 2022–2024, while assessing associated ecological and health risks. Five target OPEs maintained high detection frequencies throughout the three-year period. Chlorinated OPEs dominated the OPE profile in surface waters. Spatially, elevated concentrations were observed along the Nanjing-Shanghai river reach. The severe drought in 2022 contributed to comparatively lower overall OPE concentrations. A notable surge in TCEP levels occurred in September 2023, likely attributable to atmospheric wet deposition and industrial wastewater discharges. Data from newly added sampling points near the middle reaches in 2024 indicate lower OPE concentrations. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) primarily originated from inadequately treated sewage and industrial effluents, while tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) showed strong associations with vehicular emissions, maritime transport discharges, and industrial operations. Ecological risk assessment identified TCEP as requiring particular attention, and health risk evaluation indicated negligible health concerns from OPEs in drinking water sources throughout lower reaches of the Yangtze River.