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<p>Malachite Green (MG), a widely used textile dye, is a toxic and non-biodegradable product commonly found in industrial wastewater. In this work, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanocomposites showed as an eco-friendly photocatalyst, effectively degrading the persistent pollutant to support sustainable wastewater treatment. Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using a green route with Camellia sinensis (green tea) leaf extract method and integrated with g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, to form a hetero-structured photocatalyst. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the successful formation of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and the preserved structural integrity of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> structure. UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS) revealed that Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanocomposites exhibit enhanced visible-light absorption. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra indicated suppressed recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, implying improved charge separation. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed a crumpled, sheet-like morphology. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analysis confirmed the mesoporous nature of the nanocomposites. Photocatalytic tests under visible light irradiation demonstrated a remarkable degradation efficiency of 99.20% for MG dye at pH 11, significantly outperforming the individual components. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS) confirmed the presence of intermediate products, supporting a stepwise degradation mechanism of MG dye through demethylation and oxidative reactions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Visible light-powered eco-friendly Fe3O4/g-C3N4 nanocomposites for rapid malachite green degradation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月30日

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  • Sanju Mahich,
  • Kundan Singh Shekhawat,
  • Shubham Gupta,
  • Anuj Kumar,
  • Sanjay Kumar Swami,
  • Jaya Mathur,
  • Vijay Devra,
  • Amanpal Singh

摘要

Malachite Green (MG), a widely used textile dye, is a toxic and non-biodegradable product commonly found in industrial wastewater. In this work, Fe3O4/g-C3N4 nanocomposites showed as an eco-friendly photocatalyst, effectively degrading the persistent pollutant to support sustainable wastewater treatment. Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using a green route with Camellia sinensis (green tea) leaf extract method and integrated with g-C3N4, to form a hetero-structured photocatalyst. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the successful formation of Fe3O4 and the preserved structural integrity of g-C3N4 structure. UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS) revealed that Fe3O4 and g-C3N4 nanocomposites exhibit enhanced visible-light absorption. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra indicated suppressed recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, implying improved charge separation. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed a crumpled, sheet-like morphology. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analysis confirmed the mesoporous nature of the nanocomposites. Photocatalytic tests under visible light irradiation demonstrated a remarkable degradation efficiency of 99.20% for MG dye at pH 11, significantly outperforming the individual components. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS) confirmed the presence of intermediate products, supporting a stepwise degradation mechanism of MG dye through demethylation and oxidative reactions.

Graphical Abstract