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<p>In this study, TiO<sub>2</sub>@hydrochar composite catalysts were prepared using solvothermal (ST), sol–gel (SG), and impregnation (I) methods for Acid Red 97 (AR97) degradation in aqueous solutions. Hydrochar (HC) was derived from wastewater of the ice cream industry via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). This approach presents a sustainable strategy for transforming waste into resources by converting industrial wastewater into a valuable material. The prepared catalysts were characterized and then applied in photocatalytic tests. The results showed that [TiO<sub>2</sub>@HC]<sub>(SG)</sub>, [TiO<sub>2</sub>@HC]<sub>(ST)</sub>, and [TiO<sub>2</sub>@HC]<sub>(I)</sub> composites showed significantly improved catalytic activity compared to pure TiO<sub>2</sub>, with [TiO<sub>2</sub>@HC]<sub>(ST)</sub> showing the highest activity, achieving 98.88% degradation efficiency under optimal conditions. After five cycles, this catalyst maintained 88.8% of its efficiency. Quenching experiments confirmed that the <sup>•</sup>OH radical played a crucial role in AR97 photodegradation. Overall, the findings reveal a promising eco-friendly strategy for environmental protection, utilizing industrial wastewater-derived hydrochar to improve the photocatalytic performance of TiO<sub>2</sub>.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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TiO2 supported on hydrochar derived from industrial ice cream wastewater as a photocatalytic composite for efficient degradation of AR97 in aqueous media

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月7日

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  • Zineb Naribi,
  • Sana Esserrar,
  • Anas Salhi,
  • Mohammed El Krati,
  • Soufiane Tahiri

摘要

In this study, TiO2@hydrochar composite catalysts were prepared using solvothermal (ST), sol–gel (SG), and impregnation (I) methods for Acid Red 97 (AR97) degradation in aqueous solutions. Hydrochar (HC) was derived from wastewater of the ice cream industry via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). This approach presents a sustainable strategy for transforming waste into resources by converting industrial wastewater into a valuable material. The prepared catalysts were characterized and then applied in photocatalytic tests. The results showed that [TiO2@HC](SG), [TiO2@HC](ST), and [TiO2@HC](I) composites showed significantly improved catalytic activity compared to pure TiO2, with [TiO2@HC](ST) showing the highest activity, achieving 98.88% degradation efficiency under optimal conditions. After five cycles, this catalyst maintained 88.8% of its efficiency. Quenching experiments confirmed that the •OH radical played a crucial role in AR97 photodegradation. Overall, the findings reveal a promising eco-friendly strategy for environmental protection, utilizing industrial wastewater-derived hydrochar to improve the photocatalytic performance of TiO2.

Graphical Abstract