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<p>This study evaluates the efficiency of phosphoric acid-activated carbon produced from cork oak (Quercus Suber L.) leaf powder as a bio-adsorbent for the removal of Indigo Carmine from colored wastewater. The material was characterized before and after treatment using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The point of zero charge (pHₚzc) was also determined to understand the surface properties of the material. The fitting of isotherms by nonlinear regression to the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and D-R models demonstrated the superiority of the Langmuir model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99), suggesting monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. The theoretical maximum capacity of 371.14&#xa0;mg·g⁻<sup>1</sup> confirms the effectiveness of this new activated carbon. The kinetic study shows that adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order model, with a high coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0.98) and a low quadratic error (χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.93).Adsorption parameters were optimized using two modeling approaches: the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN). Four independent variables were studied at three levels: initial pH (2, 6.5, and 11), adsorbent dose (0.005, 0.052, and 0.1&#xa0;g/100&#xa0;mL), dye concentration (0.015, 0.03, and 0.045&#xa0;g/L), and contact time (15, 67.5, and 120&#xa0;min). A comparison between the two prediction models revealed that the BBD-RSM model exhibited superior performance, with high coefficients of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) and adjusted determination (R<sup>2</sup>adj), as well as predictions closely matching experimental results. The optimal conditions identified include an adsorbent dose of 0.1&#xa0;g/100&#xa0;mL, a contact time of 120&#xa0;min, an initial dye concentration of 0.037&#xa0;g/L, and a pH of 2, achieving a maximum removal efficiency of 97.98% with a prediction error of only -0.13%. Furthermore, the material demonstrated excellent regeneration capacity, retaining 80.03% of its removal efficiency after six regeneration cycles. These results highlight the potential of activated carbon derived from cork oak leaves as a promising, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical and synthetic adsorbents for the treatment of colored wastewater.</p>

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Optimization of Indigo Carmine dye removal by a novel H₃PO₄-activated carbon derived from (Quercus Suber L.) leaves using the RSM-BBD and ANN

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月1日

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  • Said Meftah,
  • Khadija Meftah,
  • Ibtissam Ballou,
  • Ayoub Amahrous,
  • Bouchra Darkaoui,
  • Ayoub Belcaid,
  • Mehdi Taib,
  • Karima Malous,
  • Oukani El-Hassan,
  • Lahboub Bouyazza

摘要

This study evaluates the efficiency of phosphoric acid-activated carbon produced from cork oak (Quercus Suber L.) leaf powder as a bio-adsorbent for the removal of Indigo Carmine from colored wastewater. The material was characterized before and after treatment using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The point of zero charge (pHₚzc) was also determined to understand the surface properties of the material. The fitting of isotherms by nonlinear regression to the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and D-R models demonstrated the superiority of the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.99), suggesting monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. The theoretical maximum capacity of 371.14 mg·g⁻1 confirms the effectiveness of this new activated carbon. The kinetic study shows that adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order model, with a high coefficient of determination (R2 ≥ 0.98) and a low quadratic error (χ2 = 0.93).Adsorption parameters were optimized using two modeling approaches: the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN). Four independent variables were studied at three levels: initial pH (2, 6.5, and 11), adsorbent dose (0.005, 0.052, and 0.1 g/100 mL), dye concentration (0.015, 0.03, and 0.045 g/L), and contact time (15, 67.5, and 120 min). A comparison between the two prediction models revealed that the BBD-RSM model exhibited superior performance, with high coefficients of determination (R2) and adjusted determination (R2adj), as well as predictions closely matching experimental results. The optimal conditions identified include an adsorbent dose of 0.1 g/100 mL, a contact time of 120 min, an initial dye concentration of 0.037 g/L, and a pH of 2, achieving a maximum removal efficiency of 97.98% with a prediction error of only -0.13%. Furthermore, the material demonstrated excellent regeneration capacity, retaining 80.03% of its removal efficiency after six regeneration cycles. These results highlight the potential of activated carbon derived from cork oak leaves as a promising, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical and synthetic adsorbents for the treatment of colored wastewater.