Hydrochemistry and quality assessment of groundwater around Jawalamukhi Region, Himachal Pradesh, Northwest Himalaya, India
摘要
Groundwater quality in most of the worldwide regions is found to be changed due to several factors. Therefore, present study deals with the hydrochemistry and quality characterization of the groundwater, in and around the Jawalamukhi Region, during three seasons. The groundwater aspects as covered in this study are very crucial for ensuring high-quality water supply to local people including lakhs of tourists regularly visit at the concerned regions. It is the rock-dominance, which is found to have a major influence on most of groundwater samples throughout the study period. The scatter plot between Ca2+ + Mg2+ with Na+ + K+ and total cations revealed carbonate minerals as a dominant source of ionic compounds rather than the silicates. Both of the HCO3– and Cl– were determined as dominant anions for all the seasons, whereas Na+ and Mg2+ were dominant in the pre-monsoon (May), Ca2+ and Mg2+ during monsoon (August) and Ca2+ and Na+ during the post-monsoon (November). The occurrence of ion exchange played a definitive role behind the release of Na+ and the adsorption of Ca2+ in various samples. The comparison among (Ca2+ + Mg2+)–(Na+ + K+) and (HCO3– + CO32–)–(SO42– + Cl–) showed the maximum samples of Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3– water type during all seasons including some of Na+–HCO3– water type. Most of the parameters have natural sources of origin; however, the influences of anthropogenic activities cannot be denied. The NH4+ and NO3– also mark the presence of anthropogenic impact at the groundwater of concerned regions. The water quality index characterized the groundwater quality good and excellent.