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<p>This study investigates the photocatalytic degradation of levofloxacin (LVF) using TiO<sub>2</sub> and Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub> composite synthesized via the sol–gel method. TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles calcined at 350 °C exhibited optimal performance, then coupled with commercial Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> to obtain the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub> composite. Characterization included XRD, SEM, EDS, FTIR, BET, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Under UVA irradiation, optimal LVF removal (96.26%) was achieved at pH 5.45, with 300 mg/L catalyst and 10 mg/L LVF after 150 min. <sup>●</sup>O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> was identified as the dominant species, followed by h<sup>+</sup>, <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>, and <sup>●</sup>OH. Enhanced degradation efficiency (98.98%) was obtained in the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub>/PDS/UVA system compared to the PMS and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> systems. The kinetic analysis confirmed pseudo-first-order. The catalyst exhibited good stability and efficiency over five cycles. Degradation pathways, ecotoxicity, and antibacterial effects of intermediates were analyzed by HPLC–MS/MS, ECOSAR, and disk diffusion assays. These findings demonstrate Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub> as an efficient and reusable photocatalyst for LVF removal in wastewater treatment.</p>

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Highly efficient degradation of levofloxacin by magnetic Fe3O4@TiO2 photocatalyst: mechanistic insights and toxicity evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月1日

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  • Tran Quoc Thao,
  • Vu Thi Van Anh,
  • Le Pham Quynh Nhu,
  • Nguyen Thi Thuy,
  • Nguyen Trung Thanh,
  • Phan Thanh Lam,
  • Trinh Thi Bich Huyen,
  • Kun-Yi Andrew Lin,
  • Nguyen Nhat Huy

摘要

This study investigates the photocatalytic degradation of levofloxacin (LVF) using TiO2 and Fe3O4@TiO2 composite synthesized via the sol–gel method. TiO2 nanoparticles calcined at 350 °C exhibited optimal performance, then coupled with commercial Fe3O4 to obtain the Fe3O4@TiO2 composite. Characterization included XRD, SEM, EDS, FTIR, BET, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Under UVA irradiation, optimal LVF removal (96.26%) was achieved at pH 5.45, with 300 mg/L catalyst and 10 mg/L LVF after 150 min. ●O2− was identified as the dominant species, followed by h+, 1O2, and ●OH. Enhanced degradation efficiency (98.98%) was obtained in the Fe3O4@TiO2/PDS/UVA system compared to the PMS and H2O2 systems. The kinetic analysis confirmed pseudo-first-order. The catalyst exhibited good stability and efficiency over five cycles. Degradation pathways, ecotoxicity, and antibacterial effects of intermediates were analyzed by HPLC–MS/MS, ECOSAR, and disk diffusion assays. These findings demonstrate Fe3O4@TiO2 as an efficient and reusable photocatalyst for LVF removal in wastewater treatment.