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<p>Pesticide contamination in drinking water poses serious risks due to their toxicity, persistence, and poor degradability. In Mexico, the absence of specific regulations creates exposure risks for non-occupational populations. This study assessed pesticide occurrence and chronic exposure risk in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (GMA). A total of 39 household tap water samples and 40 commercial purified water samples were analyzed by HPLC–MS/MS. Commercially purified water samples were obtained from local purification establishments unaffiliated with national or transnational brands. Five pesticides were detected in tap water, with molinate and malathion showing the highest exposure frequencies (43.6% and 38.5%). In purified water, only malathion was found, present in 95% of samples, with a maximum of 1.57&#xa0;mg/L in a single case. Risk levels were classified using Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) thresholds. Spatial patterns revealed higher risk in areas supplied by Lake Chapala. Multivariate statistics identified atrazine and picloram as key contributors to exposure variance. Levene’s and Kruskal–Wallis tests confirmed significant differences in malathion levels between municipalities. The results show contrasting contamination profiles and treatment limitations in both water sources. This is the first study in Mexico to jointly evaluate pesticide contamination and human exposure risk in public and commercial water using a spatial-statistical framework.</p>

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Pesticide contamination and human exposure risk in municipal and commercially purified water from an urban zone in Mexico

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月1日

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  • Abril L. Aviña-Hermosillo,
  • Rene G. Morán-Salazar,
  • Alejandro A. Peregrina-Lucano,
  • Eire Reynaga-Delgado,
  • Jessica Badillo-Camacho,
  • Carlos A. Ramos-Rivera,
  • Lizeth A. González-Villagomez,
  • Icela D. Barcelo-Quintal,
  • Sergio Gómez-Salazar

摘要

Pesticide contamination in drinking water poses serious risks due to their toxicity, persistence, and poor degradability. In Mexico, the absence of specific regulations creates exposure risks for non-occupational populations. This study assessed pesticide occurrence and chronic exposure risk in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (GMA). A total of 39 household tap water samples and 40 commercial purified water samples were analyzed by HPLC–MS/MS. Commercially purified water samples were obtained from local purification establishments unaffiliated with national or transnational brands. Five pesticides were detected in tap water, with molinate and malathion showing the highest exposure frequencies (43.6% and 38.5%). In purified water, only malathion was found, present in 95% of samples, with a maximum of 1.57 mg/L in a single case. Risk levels were classified using Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) thresholds. Spatial patterns revealed higher risk in areas supplied by Lake Chapala. Multivariate statistics identified atrazine and picloram as key contributors to exposure variance. Levene’s and Kruskal–Wallis tests confirmed significant differences in malathion levels between municipalities. The results show contrasting contamination profiles and treatment limitations in both water sources. This is the first study in Mexico to jointly evaluate pesticide contamination and human exposure risk in public and commercial water using a spatial-statistical framework.