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<p>Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS-NPs) are increasingly applied across various industries because of their unique properties. However, their accumulation in soil ecosystems and subsequent uptake by terrestrial plants can negatively affect plant growth. Beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere play an important role in mitigating the toxic effects of nanoparticles, thereby supporting plant health. Nevertheless, the role of these microorganisms in alleviating CdS-NP-induced stress in alfalfa remains largely unexplored. This study investigated the effects of different CdS-NPs concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 350&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup> soil) on alfalfa, both in the presence and absence of <i>Ensifer meliloti</i> (a symbiotic bacterium) and <i>Rhizophagus intraradices</i> (an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus). The experimental treatments included a non-inoculated control, inoculation with <i>E. meliloti</i> or <i>R. intraradices</i> individually, and dual inoculation (<i>R. intraradices</i> + <i>E. meliloti</i>). Exposure to CdS-NPs in non-inoculated alfalfa induced significant oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased peroxidase and catalase activities, which were positively correlated with NP concentration (<i>r</i> &gt; 0.90**). This stress reduced cell membrane stability, chlorophyll content and index, plant height, root length, biomass, and nodule number, with the strongest effects observed at 350&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup> soil. In contrast, dual-inoculated plants showed improved growth, with cell membrane stability increased by 35%, chlorophyll content by 8%, chlorophyll index by 12%, nodule number by 37%, and POD and CAT activities reduced by 28% and 38%, respectively. Although no significant differences were observed between individual bacterial and fungal inoculations, bacterial inoculation was numerically more effective. These results demonstrated that microbial inoculation substantially enhanced alfalfa tolerance to CdS-NP toxicity and highlighted the need for further studies to investigate the underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms.</p>

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Effects of Ensifer meliloti and Rhizophagus intraradices on alfalfa growth indices under cadmium sulfide nanoparticle stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月1日

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  • AmirPouya Sojoudi,
  • AliAshraf SoltaniToularoud,
  • Esmaiel GoliKalanpa,
  • Ali Nematollahzadeh

摘要

Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS-NPs) are increasingly applied across various industries because of their unique properties. However, their accumulation in soil ecosystems and subsequent uptake by terrestrial plants can negatively affect plant growth. Beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere play an important role in mitigating the toxic effects of nanoparticles, thereby supporting plant health. Nevertheless, the role of these microorganisms in alleviating CdS-NP-induced stress in alfalfa remains largely unexplored. This study investigated the effects of different CdS-NPs concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 350 mg kg−1 soil) on alfalfa, both in the presence and absence of Ensifer meliloti (a symbiotic bacterium) and Rhizophagus intraradices (an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus). The experimental treatments included a non-inoculated control, inoculation with E. meliloti or R. intraradices individually, and dual inoculation (R. intraradices + E. meliloti). Exposure to CdS-NPs in non-inoculated alfalfa induced significant oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased peroxidase and catalase activities, which were positively correlated with NP concentration (r > 0.90**). This stress reduced cell membrane stability, chlorophyll content and index, plant height, root length, biomass, and nodule number, with the strongest effects observed at 350 mg kg−1 soil. In contrast, dual-inoculated plants showed improved growth, with cell membrane stability increased by 35%, chlorophyll content by 8%, chlorophyll index by 12%, nodule number by 37%, and POD and CAT activities reduced by 28% and 38%, respectively. Although no significant differences were observed between individual bacterial and fungal inoculations, bacterial inoculation was numerically more effective. These results demonstrated that microbial inoculation substantially enhanced alfalfa tolerance to CdS-NP toxicity and highlighted the need for further studies to investigate the underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms.