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<p>Despite the benefits of pharmaceuticals in medicine, concerns about their presence in wastewater sludge highlight the need for sustainable strategies that focus on reducing and managing their environmental release. Introducing pharmaceutical residues into the environment through the land application of biosolids poses substantial risks to the public and the ecosystem. As a way to reduce pharmaceutical contamination in biosolids, a study was conducted using biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays to evaluate the effectiveness of electromagnetic heating methods for advanced&#xa0;anaerobic digestion (AD). Thermal sludge&#xa0;pretreatment was evaluated using radio frequency (RF) heating at 13.56&#xa0;MHz and microwave (MW) heating at 2450&#xa0;MHz. Both methods are compared in terms of reducing ubiquitous pharmaceuticals, specifically ibuprofen (IBP), diclofenac (DCF), and carbamazepine (CBZ). Both pretreatments enhanced the removal of pharmaceuticals by facilitating their transformation into more accessible and biodegradable forms in both the aqueous and total phases of the sludge. In particular, RF heating yielded a DCF removal efficiency of 92% in the aqueous phase of sludge. Even IBP and DCF accumulated in control BMPs incubated under both thermophilic and mesophilic conditions, thermal pretreatment facilitated the co-metabolic degradation of target pharmaceuticals through an accelerated hydrolysis stage, resulting in their improved removal during advanced digestion. Compared to the control, RF pretreatment combined with AD improved DCF removal by 17% in the total phase and increased persistent CBZ removal by 5%. Thermal pretreatment also reduced the release of pharmaceuticals into the aqueous phase during advanced digestion compared to the control. Considering the feasibility of RF and MW heatings at full scale, the integration of energy-efficient RF heating technology into digestion is preferred to reduce pharmaceutical levels building up in the ultimate disposal route, including both the centrate side streams and agricultural land.</p>

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Comparison of electromagnetic-based thermal pretreatments to improve the removal of pharmaceuticals during advanced anaerobic sludge digestion

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月1日

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  • Gokce Kor-Bicakci,
  • Thomas Johnson,
  • Cigdem Eskicioglu

摘要

Despite the benefits of pharmaceuticals in medicine, concerns about their presence in wastewater sludge highlight the need for sustainable strategies that focus on reducing and managing their environmental release. Introducing pharmaceutical residues into the environment through the land application of biosolids poses substantial risks to the public and the ecosystem. As a way to reduce pharmaceutical contamination in biosolids, a study was conducted using biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays to evaluate the effectiveness of electromagnetic heating methods for advanced anaerobic digestion (AD). Thermal sludge pretreatment was evaluated using radio frequency (RF) heating at 13.56 MHz and microwave (MW) heating at 2450 MHz. Both methods are compared in terms of reducing ubiquitous pharmaceuticals, specifically ibuprofen (IBP), diclofenac (DCF), and carbamazepine (CBZ). Both pretreatments enhanced the removal of pharmaceuticals by facilitating their transformation into more accessible and biodegradable forms in both the aqueous and total phases of the sludge. In particular, RF heating yielded a DCF removal efficiency of 92% in the aqueous phase of sludge. Even IBP and DCF accumulated in control BMPs incubated under both thermophilic and mesophilic conditions, thermal pretreatment facilitated the co-metabolic degradation of target pharmaceuticals through an accelerated hydrolysis stage, resulting in their improved removal during advanced digestion. Compared to the control, RF pretreatment combined with AD improved DCF removal by 17% in the total phase and increased persistent CBZ removal by 5%. Thermal pretreatment also reduced the release of pharmaceuticals into the aqueous phase during advanced digestion compared to the control. Considering the feasibility of RF and MW heatings at full scale, the integration of energy-efficient RF heating technology into digestion is preferred to reduce pharmaceutical levels building up in the ultimate disposal route, including both the centrate side streams and agricultural land.