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<p>Carbamazepine (CBZ), as an emerging contaminant, falls under the category known as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). It has adverse effects on both humans and the environment, leading to issues such as defects in the central nervous and digestive systems of humans. Traditional treatment methods have limited effectiveness in degrading CBZ due to its chemical properties, leading to its increased accumulation of CBZ in water bodies, especially during the recent pandemic (COVID-19). The focus of this research is on utilizing g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> with different weight percentages, namely 30% GCN/BOC, 40% GCN/BOC, and 50% GCN/BOC, through a physical mixing approach to degrade CBZ. The proposed photocatalyst underwent thorough analysis through various characterization techniques, including FESEM-EDX, HRTEM, XRD, FTIR, and UV–Vis DRS. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of Bi–O–Bi, CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>, C–N, and C = N functional groups in g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>. The bandgap energy, determined by UV–Vis DRS analysis, is 3.44&#xa0;eV for pure Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and 2.84&#xa0;eV for the optimal ratio of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>. Additionally, the photocatalytic degradation experiment showed that the composite with 40% g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> exhibited the highest removal efficiency, achieving a rate of 98% within 180&#xa0;min under sunlight irradiation. Therefore, the use of the coupled photocatalyst g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO3 demonstrated significant potential as a photocatalyst for degrading CBZ when exposed to sunlight.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Amalgamation of g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO3 heterojunction composites for enhanced sunlight photocatalytic removal of carbamazepine

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月2日

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  • Junaid Ur Rehman Abbasi,
  • Kah Hon Leong,
  • Lan Ching Sim,
  • Chaomeng Dai,
  • Azrina Abd Aziz,
  • Sumathi Sethupathi,
  • Shaliza Ibrahim

摘要

Carbamazepine (CBZ), as an emerging contaminant, falls under the category known as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). It has adverse effects on both humans and the environment, leading to issues such as defects in the central nervous and digestive systems of humans. Traditional treatment methods have limited effectiveness in degrading CBZ due to its chemical properties, leading to its increased accumulation of CBZ in water bodies, especially during the recent pandemic (COVID-19). The focus of this research is on utilizing g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO3 with different weight percentages, namely 30% GCN/BOC, 40% GCN/BOC, and 50% GCN/BOC, through a physical mixing approach to degrade CBZ. The proposed photocatalyst underwent thorough analysis through various characterization techniques, including FESEM-EDX, HRTEM, XRD, FTIR, and UV–Vis DRS. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of Bi–O–Bi, CO32−, C–N, and C = N functional groups in g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO3. The bandgap energy, determined by UV–Vis DRS analysis, is 3.44 eV for pure Bi2O2CO3 and 2.84 eV for the optimal ratio of g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO3. Additionally, the photocatalytic degradation experiment showed that the composite with 40% g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO3 exhibited the highest removal efficiency, achieving a rate of 98% within 180 min under sunlight irradiation. Therefore, the use of the coupled photocatalyst g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO3 demonstrated significant potential as a photocatalyst for degrading CBZ when exposed to sunlight.

Graphical Abstract