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<p>Urban trees mitigate urban heat primarily through shading and evapotranspiration; however, the influence of tree crown morphology on pedestrian thermal comfort across different road configurations remains insufficiently explored. This study investigates how variations in tree crown morphology interact with road configurations and orientations to influence outdoor thermal conditions during extreme heat events. Six representative roads in Nanjing, China, were selected as study sites to represent typical urban road conditions. Field measurements and ENVI-met simulations were conducted to assess diurnal variations in physiological equivalent temperature (PET). Results indicate that thermal comfort varies significantly with both road configuration and crown morphology. Narrow roads experienced greater heat stress and benefited most from broad-crowned trees that provided continuous shading, whereas wider roads achieved improved comfort through mixed crown morphologies that balanced shading and airflow. East–west (E–W) –oriented roads consistently exhibited higher PET due to prolonged solar exposure, while north–south (N–S)–oriented roads showed afternoon heat concentration on pedestrian spaces on the eastern side. Among the examined crown morphologies, inverted-triangular forms produced the greatest shading effects and PET reductions (4–6&#xa0;°C), outperforming spherical and triangular morphologies. These findings suggest that variations in radiant exposure and shading geometry are the primary mechanisms governing pedestrian thermal comfort. The study provides practical guidance for climate-adaptive urban tree planning, demonstrating that optimizing crown morphology combinations in relation to road configurations and orientations can effectively enhance outdoor thermal comfort and urban heat resilience.</p>

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Assessing the influence of street tree crown morphology on human thermal comfort across urban road configurations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Yingnan Li,
  • Zipeng Song,
  • Yuedong Wang,
  • Yuhan Zhang,
  • Zhicheng Zhou,
  • Lu Ding,
  • Jingang Li

摘要

Urban trees mitigate urban heat primarily through shading and evapotranspiration; however, the influence of tree crown morphology on pedestrian thermal comfort across different road configurations remains insufficiently explored. This study investigates how variations in tree crown morphology interact with road configurations and orientations to influence outdoor thermal conditions during extreme heat events. Six representative roads in Nanjing, China, were selected as study sites to represent typical urban road conditions. Field measurements and ENVI-met simulations were conducted to assess diurnal variations in physiological equivalent temperature (PET). Results indicate that thermal comfort varies significantly with both road configuration and crown morphology. Narrow roads experienced greater heat stress and benefited most from broad-crowned trees that provided continuous shading, whereas wider roads achieved improved comfort through mixed crown morphologies that balanced shading and airflow. East–west (E–W) –oriented roads consistently exhibited higher PET due to prolonged solar exposure, while north–south (N–S)–oriented roads showed afternoon heat concentration on pedestrian spaces on the eastern side. Among the examined crown morphologies, inverted-triangular forms produced the greatest shading effects and PET reductions (4–6 °C), outperforming spherical and triangular morphologies. These findings suggest that variations in radiant exposure and shading geometry are the primary mechanisms governing pedestrian thermal comfort. The study provides practical guidance for climate-adaptive urban tree planning, demonstrating that optimizing crown morphology combinations in relation to road configurations and orientations can effectively enhance outdoor thermal comfort and urban heat resilience.