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Background <p>Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the hypervelocity impact behaviours of metallic targets, further quantitative investigation is still needed into crater morphology and rear-face damage, as well as the predictive capability of constitutive models under extreme loading conditions.</p> Objective <p>This study aims to experimentally characterize the damage features of Q345 steel targets subjected to hypervelocity impacts and to establish a validated numerical framework for predicting impact-induced damage and deformation.</p> Methods <p>Hypervelocity penetration tests are conducted using tungsten alloy projectiles with spherical, ogival, and hemispherical shapes at velocities from 3.0 to 5.5&#xa0;km/s. Three-dimensional laser scanning and digital image processing techniques are utilized to analyse the morphology, dimensions, and spallation patterns of the craters. A modified Johnson–Cook (MJC) constitutive model, incorporating enhanced damage evolution and a temperature correction term, is implemented into Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) algorithm through secondary development in LS-DYNA, thus forming MJC-SPH method.</p> Results <p>Both experimental and numerical simulations indicate that tungsten alloy projectiles undergo melting and fragmentation, accompanied by the ejection of powder and intense light. The steel targets are completely penetrated, and the resulting impact craters exhibit an approximately circular shape, featuring a concave impact surface and lip-like cracks on the rear surface. Increasing projectile velocity significantly enlarges crater dimensions. Ogival and hemispherical projectiles produce substantially larger rear-surface craters than spherical projectiles, indicating enhanced penetration efficiency. Oblique impact results in elliptical crater morphology and severe lip damage.</p> Conclusions <p>These advancements enhance the predictive capability for steel structural behaviours under hypervelocity impacts and contribute to the design of impact-resistant protective structures.</p>

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Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Dynamic Responses of Steel Targets Subjected to Hypervelocity Impacts

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • J. Ma,
  • W. Huang,
  • K. Yize,
  • J. Wang,
  • Y. Lin,
  • W. Ding

摘要

Background

Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the hypervelocity impact behaviours of metallic targets, further quantitative investigation is still needed into crater morphology and rear-face damage, as well as the predictive capability of constitutive models under extreme loading conditions.

Objective

This study aims to experimentally characterize the damage features of Q345 steel targets subjected to hypervelocity impacts and to establish a validated numerical framework for predicting impact-induced damage and deformation.

Methods

Hypervelocity penetration tests are conducted using tungsten alloy projectiles with spherical, ogival, and hemispherical shapes at velocities from 3.0 to 5.5 km/s. Three-dimensional laser scanning and digital image processing techniques are utilized to analyse the morphology, dimensions, and spallation patterns of the craters. A modified Johnson–Cook (MJC) constitutive model, incorporating enhanced damage evolution and a temperature correction term, is implemented into Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) algorithm through secondary development in LS-DYNA, thus forming MJC-SPH method.

Results

Both experimental and numerical simulations indicate that tungsten alloy projectiles undergo melting and fragmentation, accompanied by the ejection of powder and intense light. The steel targets are completely penetrated, and the resulting impact craters exhibit an approximately circular shape, featuring a concave impact surface and lip-like cracks on the rear surface. Increasing projectile velocity significantly enlarges crater dimensions. Ogival and hemispherical projectiles produce substantially larger rear-surface craters than spherical projectiles, indicating enhanced penetration efficiency. Oblique impact results in elliptical crater morphology and severe lip damage.

Conclusions

These advancements enhance the predictive capability for steel structural behaviours under hypervelocity impacts and contribute to the design of impact-resistant protective structures.