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Background <p>Hypervelocity impacts of small objects, such as space debris, pose significant challenges to the structural reliability of glass due to the extreme stresses and crack propagation they induce. While conventional optical techniques can qualitatively observe stress wave propagation, quantitative evaluation of stress fields and their association with fracture mechanisms remains a critical gap.</p> Objective <p>This study aims to develop and validate a novel in situ photoelastic imaging method for quantitatively analyzing stress wave propagation behavior in glass under hypervelocity impact conditions.</p> Methods <p>A new combined experimental and analytical system was developed using a two-stage light-gas gun to conduct hypervelocity impact experiments on silica glass plates (dimensions: 60 × 60 × 15 mm<sup>3</sup>). Both linear- and circular-polarized photoelastic images were obtained during the experiments using synchronized high-speed cameras. Time-dependent stress fields were calculated via an integrated photoelasticity approach using the onion-peeling method, which was reformulated into an integral representation to accommodate general axisymmetric conditions.</p> Results <p>The proposed analysis method successfully determined time-dependent stress-fields in impacted glass plates. Longitudinal stress waves exhibited wavelength elongation due to mechanical responses near the elastic limit under hypervelocity conditions. Observations also revealed dynamic interactions between stress wave propagation and crack initiation, highlighting the critical role of back-surface-reflected stress waves in fracture initiation.</p> Conclusions <p>This study demonstrates the utility of in situ photoelastic observation combined with quantitative analysis for exploring stress wave behavior and subsequent fracture mechanisms in glass. The proposed method has the potential to advance the understanding of dynamic material behavior and improve the design and reliability of glasses in high-energy applications, such as space debris protection.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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In-Situ Photoelastic Imaging Method for Quantifying Stress Waves in Glass Subjected to Hypervelocity Impact of Debris

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月5日

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  • M. Nagano,
  • N. Kawai,
  • S. Hasegawa,
  • S. Yoshida,
  • E. Sato

摘要

Background

Hypervelocity impacts of small objects, such as space debris, pose significant challenges to the structural reliability of glass due to the extreme stresses and crack propagation they induce. While conventional optical techniques can qualitatively observe stress wave propagation, quantitative evaluation of stress fields and their association with fracture mechanisms remains a critical gap.

Objective

This study aims to develop and validate a novel in situ photoelastic imaging method for quantitatively analyzing stress wave propagation behavior in glass under hypervelocity impact conditions.

Methods

A new combined experimental and analytical system was developed using a two-stage light-gas gun to conduct hypervelocity impact experiments on silica glass plates (dimensions: 60 × 60 × 15 mm3). Both linear- and circular-polarized photoelastic images were obtained during the experiments using synchronized high-speed cameras. Time-dependent stress fields were calculated via an integrated photoelasticity approach using the onion-peeling method, which was reformulated into an integral representation to accommodate general axisymmetric conditions.

Results

The proposed analysis method successfully determined time-dependent stress-fields in impacted glass plates. Longitudinal stress waves exhibited wavelength elongation due to mechanical responses near the elastic limit under hypervelocity conditions. Observations also revealed dynamic interactions between stress wave propagation and crack initiation, highlighting the critical role of back-surface-reflected stress waves in fracture initiation.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the utility of in situ photoelastic observation combined with quantitative analysis for exploring stress wave behavior and subsequent fracture mechanisms in glass. The proposed method has the potential to advance the understanding of dynamic material behavior and improve the design and reliability of glasses in high-energy applications, such as space debris protection.

Graphical Abstract