Background Full-field, quantitative visualization techniques, such as digital image correlation (DIC), have unlocked vast opportunities for experimental mechanics. However, DIC has traditionally been a surface measurement technique, and has not been extended to perform measurements on the interior of specimens for dynamic, full-scale laboratory experiments. This limitation restricts the scope of physics which can be investigated through DIC measurements, especially in the context of heterogeneous materials. Objective The focus of this study is to develop a method for performing internal DIC measurements in dynamic experiments. The aim is to demonstrate its feasibility and accuracy across a range of stresses (up to <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11340_2025_1149_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="25" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$650\,$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>650</mn> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>MPa), strain rates (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11340_2025_1149_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$10^{3}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>3</mn> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11340_2025_1149_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$10^6\,$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>6</mn> </msup> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>s<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11340_2025_1149_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="11" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$^{-1}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), and high-strain rate loading conditions (e.g., ramped and shock wave loading). Methods Internal DIC is developed based on the concept of applying a speckle pattern at an inner-plane of a transparent specimen. The high-speed imaging configuration is coupled to the traditional dynamic experimental setups, and is focused on the internal speckle pattern. During the experiment, while the sample deforms dynamically, in-plane, two-dimensional deformations are measured via correlation of the internal speckle pattern. In this study, the viability and accuracy of the internal DIC technique is demonstrated for split-Hopkinson (Kolsky) pressure bar (SHPB) and plate impact experiments. Results The internal DIC experimental technique is successfully demonstrated in both the SHPB and plate impact experiments. In the SHPB setting, the accuracy of the technique is excellent throughout the deformation regime, with measurement noise of approximately <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11340_2025_1149_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$0.2\%$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0.2</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> strain. In the case of plate impact experiments, the technique performs well, with error and measurement noise of <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11340_2025_1149_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$1\%$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> strain. Conclusion The internal DIC technique has been developed and demonstrated to work well for full-scale dynamic high-strain rate and shock laboratory experiments, and the accuracy is quantified. The technique can aid in investigating the physics and mechanics of the dynamic behavior of materials, including local deformation fields around dynamically loaded material heterogeneities.

An Internal Digital Image Correlation Technique for High-Strain Rate Dynamic Experiments

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年2月6日

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B.P. Lawlor,
V. Gandhi,
G. Ravichandran

摘要

Background

Full-field, quantitative visualization techniques, such as digital image correlation (DIC), have unlocked vast opportunities for experimental mechanics. However, DIC has traditionally been a surface measurement technique, and has not been extended to perform measurements on the interior of specimens for dynamic, full-scale laboratory experiments. This limitation restricts the scope of physics which can be investigated through DIC measurements, especially in the context of heterogeneous materials.

Objective

The focus of this study is to develop a method for performing internal DIC measurements in dynamic experiments. The aim is to demonstrate its feasibility and accuracy across a range of stresses (up to $650\,$ $650$ MPa), strain rates ( $10^{3}$ $10^{3}$ - $10^6\,$ $10^{6}$ s $^{-1}$ $^{- 1}$ ), and high-strain rate loading conditions (e.g., ramped and shock wave loading).

Methods

Internal DIC is developed based on the concept of applying a speckle pattern at an inner-plane of a transparent specimen. The high-speed imaging configuration is coupled to the traditional dynamic experimental setups, and is focused on the internal speckle pattern. During the experiment, while the sample deforms dynamically, in-plane, two-dimensional deformations are measured via correlation of the internal speckle pattern. In this study, the viability and accuracy of the internal DIC technique is demonstrated for split-Hopkinson (Kolsky) pressure bar (SHPB) and plate impact experiments.

Results

The internal DIC experimental technique is successfully demonstrated in both the SHPB and plate impact experiments. In the SHPB setting, the accuracy of the technique is excellent throughout the deformation regime, with measurement noise of approximately $0.2\%$ $0.2 %$ strain. In the case of plate impact experiments, the technique performs well, with error and measurement noise of $1\%$ $1 %$ strain.

Conclusion

The internal DIC technique has been developed and demonstrated to work well for full-scale dynamic high-strain rate and shock laboratory experiments, and the accuracy is quantified. The technique can aid in investigating the physics and mechanics of the dynamic behavior of materials, including local deformation fields around dynamically loaded material heterogeneities.