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Background <p>Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes and is closely associated with oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction. This study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise and chamomile flower hydroethanolic extract, alone and in combination, on pain threshold and oxidative stress in rats with type 2 diabetes.</p> Materials and methods <p>Twenty-four male Wistar rats were induced with type 2 diabetes using streptozotocin (65&#xa0;mg/kg) and nicotinamide (120&#xa0;mg/kg). The animals were randomly divided into four groups: diabetic control (C), aerobic training (T), chamomile flower extract treatment (CFE), and combined training plus chamomile extract (TCFE). Chamomile extract was administered at a dose of 200&#xa0;mg/kg/day in drinking water. The exercise groups performed treadmill running at 26&#xa0;m/min for 60&#xa0;min per day for 14&#xa0;weeks. Pain threshold was assessed before and after the intervention using tail-flick, hot plate, and immersion tests. Oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also measured.</p> Results <p>Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in the T, CFE, and TCFE groups compared with the control group, while insulin levels increased significantly. MDA levels decreased and SOD activity increased in the intervention groups. Pain threshold significantly increased in the tail-flick, hot plate, and immersion tests, with the greatest improvement observed in the combined exercise and chamomile extract group. A significant positive correlation between insulin sensitivity and pain threshold was observed in the immersion test (r = 0.518, <i>p</i> = 0.010).</p> Conclusion <p>Aerobic exercise and chamomile extract improve pain threshold and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic rats, with the combined intervention showing the most pronounced effects.</p>

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Boosting pain tolerance: the effect of aerobic exercise and chamomile flower hydroethanolic extract on pain threshold and neuropathic pain in type 2 diabetic rats

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Ali Heidarianpour,
  • Azadeh Naderi,
  • Maryam Keshvari

摘要

Background

Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes and is closely associated with oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction. This study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise and chamomile flower hydroethanolic extract, alone and in combination, on pain threshold and oxidative stress in rats with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and methods

Twenty-four male Wistar rats were induced with type 2 diabetes using streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) and nicotinamide (120 mg/kg). The animals were randomly divided into four groups: diabetic control (C), aerobic training (T), chamomile flower extract treatment (CFE), and combined training plus chamomile extract (TCFE). Chamomile extract was administered at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day in drinking water. The exercise groups performed treadmill running at 26 m/min for 60 min per day for 14 weeks. Pain threshold was assessed before and after the intervention using tail-flick, hot plate, and immersion tests. Oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also measured.

Results

Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in the T, CFE, and TCFE groups compared with the control group, while insulin levels increased significantly. MDA levels decreased and SOD activity increased in the intervention groups. Pain threshold significantly increased in the tail-flick, hot plate, and immersion tests, with the greatest improvement observed in the combined exercise and chamomile extract group. A significant positive correlation between insulin sensitivity and pain threshold was observed in the immersion test (r = 0.518, p = 0.010).

Conclusion

Aerobic exercise and chamomile extract improve pain threshold and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic rats, with the combined intervention showing the most pronounced effects.