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Objective <p>To develop a biomechanical model of the human knee system through numerical simulation based on kinematic and kinetic data from a human dynamics model during gait, and to analyze stress distribution in cruciate ligaments under braced conditions.</p> Methods <p>Finite-element models of the knee joint and dynamic knee motion, with CT images from healthy volunteers as the data source, were developed using Mimics, Geomagic, SolidWorks, HyperMesh, and Abaqus. The full-cycle gait load data of walking motion, including vertical load, internal and external torque, and knee flexion angle, were simulated using LifeMOD. Eventually, Abaqus was employed to establish a numerical model of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) of the knee joint in typical walking gait.</p> Results <p>According to numerical simulations on gaits 1, 7, and 9 during walking movements, the stress was concentrated at the front end of the ligaments, a highly susceptible area to injury. Meanwhile, bracing reduced ACL peak stresses by 5.41&#xa0;MPa and 0.17&#xa0;MPa at gait 1 and gait 7, respectively. However, the stresses increased by 6.23&#xa0;MPa during flexion at gait 9 compared to the unbraced condition. During flexion, peak stresses shifted from femoral and tibial insertions to the central region, with an overall decreasing trend. With bracing, PCL stress increased by 1.15&#xa0;MPa during flexion at gait 1, but decreased by 0.17&#xa0;MPa at gait 7 and 0.09&#xa0;MPa during flexion at gait 7 and gait 9, respectively.</p> Conclusion <p>Elastic sleeve knee braces lower peak stress and reduce stress concentration in the vulnerable anterior ACL, offering protection during gait. The findings provide baseline reference data for healthy knees and support future research on knee disorders and brace design.</p>

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Stress of knee cruciate ligaments under gait movement modes and knee brace conditions: a numerical study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Shize Pei,
  • Bing Zhang,
  • Ying Han,
  • Zhi Li,
  • Huiping Gong,
  • Hui Wang,
  • Guangfei Song,
  • Shuqi Zhang

摘要

Objective

To develop a biomechanical model of the human knee system through numerical simulation based on kinematic and kinetic data from a human dynamics model during gait, and to analyze stress distribution in cruciate ligaments under braced conditions.

Methods

Finite-element models of the knee joint and dynamic knee motion, with CT images from healthy volunteers as the data source, were developed using Mimics, Geomagic, SolidWorks, HyperMesh, and Abaqus. The full-cycle gait load data of walking motion, including vertical load, internal and external torque, and knee flexion angle, were simulated using LifeMOD. Eventually, Abaqus was employed to establish a numerical model of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) of the knee joint in typical walking gait.

Results

According to numerical simulations on gaits 1, 7, and 9 during walking movements, the stress was concentrated at the front end of the ligaments, a highly susceptible area to injury. Meanwhile, bracing reduced ACL peak stresses by 5.41 MPa and 0.17 MPa at gait 1 and gait 7, respectively. However, the stresses increased by 6.23 MPa during flexion at gait 9 compared to the unbraced condition. During flexion, peak stresses shifted from femoral and tibial insertions to the central region, with an overall decreasing trend. With bracing, PCL stress increased by 1.15 MPa during flexion at gait 1, but decreased by 0.17 MPa at gait 7 and 0.09 MPa during flexion at gait 7 and gait 9, respectively.

Conclusion

Elastic sleeve knee braces lower peak stress and reduce stress concentration in the vulnerable anterior ACL, offering protection during gait. The findings provide baseline reference data for healthy knees and support future research on knee disorders and brace design.