Background <p>Cognitive functions are integral to daily decision-making processes but often decline with age, negatively impacting quality of life. Effective interventions to enhance cognitive abilities in older adults are essential. This study investigates the effects of resistance training, with and without blood flow restriction (BFR), on executive function and motor memory in older men.</p> Methods <p>Forty-five older men were randomly assigned to three groups: resistance training (RT), resistance training with blood flow restriction (RT-BFR), and a control group. Each group participated in an 8-week training program with two sessions per week, focusing on shoulder and forearm press exercises. Executive function and motor memory were assessed using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and a linear movement assessment before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, dependent <i>t</i> test, and nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon tests, with a significance level of 0.05.</p> Results <p>Statistically significant differences were observed between the control group and both experimental groups (RT and RT-BFR) in completed categories, total errors, perseverative errors, and motor memory for short and long distances (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.05). However, no significant differences were found between the RT and RT-BFR groups (<i>P</i> ≥ 0.05).</p> Conclusions <p>Although no significant differences were observed between the RT and RT-BFR groups, resistance training with BFR appears to be a promising, low-risk alternative for older adults. BFR may provide a less intense yet effective intervention for improving executive function and motor memory, particularly for those unable to perform high-load resistance training due to physical limitations.</p>