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Background <p>Flexible flatfeet, characterized by a reduced medial longitudinal arch,&#xa0;are associated with an increased risk of lower limb injuries and musculoskeletal pain.&#xa0;These musculoskeletal issues can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life, physical activity levels, and overall well-being. This study investigated the effectiveness of calisthenics training in improving motor performance in young females with and without flexible flatfeet.</p> Methods <p>Ninety-six female students (18–25&#xa0;years) volunteered.&#xa0;Following informed consent, participants underwent foot arch evaluation using the navicular drop test. Based on the results, 25 participants were categorized into the flexible flatfeet group and 71 into the normal feet group.&#xa0;Pre- and post-intervention assessments included static and dynamic balance (Sharpened Romberg and Y-balance tests),&#xa0;agility/coordination (4 × 9&#xa0;m shuttle run),&#xa0;and core/spinal extensor endurance (partial curl-up and plank hold). Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney <i>U</i> tests were used for data analysis (<i>p</i> ≥ 0.05).</p> Results <p>Both groups demonstrated significant improvements (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) in both abdominal and spinal extensor endurance. The group with flexible flatfeet showed a greater average improvement of 14% in abdominal endurance and 27% in spinal extensor endurance compared to the group with normal feet, which improved by 7% and 23%, respectively. In agility, the flexible flatfeet group improved by an average of 0.46&#xa0;s, while the normal feet group improved by 0.40&#xa0;s. Static balance also improved significantly, with the flexible flatfeet group showing a 20% improvement and the normal feet group showing a 30% improvement. Dynamic balance also showed significant improvement, with the flexible flatfeet group improving by 1.4% and the normal feet group by 7.6%. Mann–Whitney <i>U</i> tests revealed significant intergroup differences (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) in core and spinal extensor endurance, and static balance at both pre- and post-test.&#xa0;The normal feet group displayed consistently higher pre-test (14% and 32%) and post-test (12% and 26%) values for core and spinal extensor endurance,&#xa0;respectively.&#xa0;In addition,&#xa0;static balance was 23% and 20% higher in the normal feet group pre- and post-intervention,&#xa0;respectively.</p> Conclusion <p>This study demonstrates that calisthenics training can effectively improve motor performance, including balance, agility, and core strength, in young females, regardless of their foot posture. While both groups exhibited significant improvements, the findings suggest that addressing the unique challenges associated with flexible flatfeet may require a multifaceted approach. Calisthenics, while beneficial, may not fully address limitations in core and spinal extensor endurance and static stability observed in this population. Therefore, incorporating calisthenics as part of a comprehensive intervention program, potentially in conjunction with other modalities such as orthotics or physiotherapy, may be necessary to optimize functional outcomes and improve overall quality of life for individuals with flexible flatfeet.</p>

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The impact of calisthenics on muscular endurance, balance, and agility in young females with and without flexible flatfeet: a comparative study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月24日

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  • Maryam Ghorbani,
  • Rasoul Yaali,
  • Hassan Sadeghi

摘要

Background

Flexible flatfeet, characterized by a reduced medial longitudinal arch, are associated with an increased risk of lower limb injuries and musculoskeletal pain. These musculoskeletal issues can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life, physical activity levels, and overall well-being. This study investigated the effectiveness of calisthenics training in improving motor performance in young females with and without flexible flatfeet.

Methods

Ninety-six female students (18–25 years) volunteered. Following informed consent, participants underwent foot arch evaluation using the navicular drop test. Based on the results, 25 participants were categorized into the flexible flatfeet group and 71 into the normal feet group. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included static and dynamic balance (Sharpened Romberg and Y-balance tests), agility/coordination (4 × 9 m shuttle run), and core/spinal extensor endurance (partial curl-up and plank hold). Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for data analysis (p ≥ 0.05).

Results

Both groups demonstrated significant improvements (p < 0.05) in both abdominal and spinal extensor endurance. The group with flexible flatfeet showed a greater average improvement of 14% in abdominal endurance and 27% in spinal extensor endurance compared to the group with normal feet, which improved by 7% and 23%, respectively. In agility, the flexible flatfeet group improved by an average of 0.46 s, while the normal feet group improved by 0.40 s. Static balance also improved significantly, with the flexible flatfeet group showing a 20% improvement and the normal feet group showing a 30% improvement. Dynamic balance also showed significant improvement, with the flexible flatfeet group improving by 1.4% and the normal feet group by 7.6%. Mann–Whitney U tests revealed significant intergroup differences (p < 0.05) in core and spinal extensor endurance, and static balance at both pre- and post-test. The normal feet group displayed consistently higher pre-test (14% and 32%) and post-test (12% and 26%) values for core and spinal extensor endurance, respectively. In addition, static balance was 23% and 20% higher in the normal feet group pre- and post-intervention, respectively.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that calisthenics training can effectively improve motor performance, including balance, agility, and core strength, in young females, regardless of their foot posture. While both groups exhibited significant improvements, the findings suggest that addressing the unique challenges associated with flexible flatfeet may require a multifaceted approach. Calisthenics, while beneficial, may not fully address limitations in core and spinal extensor endurance and static stability observed in this population. Therefore, incorporating calisthenics as part of a comprehensive intervention program, potentially in conjunction with other modalities such as orthotics or physiotherapy, may be necessary to optimize functional outcomes and improve overall quality of life for individuals with flexible flatfeet.