Purpose <p>Sleep quality is influenced by lifestyle changes, stress, environmental disturbances, and technology use, with individuals living in urban resettlement areas being particularly vulnerable. Understanding sleep patterns in such communities is essential for identifying modifiable risk factors. To assess the prevalence of poor sleep quality and identify associated sociodemographic and environmental factors among adults residing in urban resettlement colonies of Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh.</p> Methods <p>A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 334 adults selected through systematic random sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire adapted from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, covering sleep duration, latency, disturbances, and perceived causes. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to determine associations, followed by logistic regression to identify independent predictors.</p> Results <p>The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 33.5%. More than one-third of respondents (38.4%) required over 30&#xa0;min to fall asleep, and 77.6% slept for only 4–7&#xa0;h per night. Among those with poor sleep (<i>n</i> = 112), medical conditions (67.8%), stress or anxiety (54.4%), and temperature discomfort (22.3%) were the leading causes. Overcrowding (<i>p</i> = 0.031), socioeconomic status (<i>p</i> = 0.000), and education level (<i>p</i> = 0.003) were significantly associated with sleep quality. Lower education and middle socioeconomic status remained independent predictors in multivariable analysis.</p> Conclusion <p>Poor sleep quality is a significant concern in urban resettlement populations, driven by environmental, socioeconomic, and health-related factors. Targeted interventions focusing on sleep hygiene education, stress reduction, and improved living conditions are needed to address this overlooked public health issue.</p>