Background <p>Sleep insufficiency, driven by modern fast-paced lifestyles, contributes to the accumulation of “sleep debt.” Many individuals attempt to compensate through weekend catch-up sleep (WCS). While WCS may temporarily relieve fatigue and enhance mood, its long-term health consequences remain controversial.</p> Objective <p>To review and synthesize current evidence on the short-term benefits and long-term risks of WCS, with a focus on metabolic health, psychological well-being, cardiovascular health, and quality of life.</p> Methods <p>Relevant literature was systematically reviewed, with emphasis on epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies addressing the physiological and psychological impacts of WCS. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and wearable devices were also considered for their potential role in sleep management.Results:WCS appears to provide partial short-term recovery by improving mood, reducing fatigue, and restoring cognitive performance. However, prolonged or irregular WCS may disrupt circadian rhythms, impair metabolic regulation, and increase risks of cardiovascular disease. Evidence suggests that while occasional WCS may be beneficial, it cannot fully offset the adverse effects of chronic sleep deprivation.</p> Conclusions <p>WCS may offer transient relief but should not be considered a sustainable strategy for sleep debt repayment. Promoting consistent sleep schedules through public health interventions and education is essential. AI-assisted sleep tracking and wearable devices hold promise for individualized sleep optimization.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>