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<p>Citron (<i>Citrus medica</i> L.) is a major citrus fruit crop known for its medicinal, aromatic, and nutritional properties. Although citron has a natural distribution range in northeast India, Myanmar, and Yunnan (China), the genealogy of their distribution in its native center in northeast India is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the phylogeographic patterns and evolutionary history of citron using two non-coding chloroplast DNA loci <i>(rps16</i> intron and <i>trnL-F</i> region including <i>trnL</i> intron) and paleoclimate modeling. Citron exhibited 12 haplotypes and high haplotype diversity. Comparatively higher gene diversity (Ht = 0.67) was found among all the populations than within the populations (Hs = 0.53). There was no phylogeographic structure despite the significant moderate genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.22; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). The analyses of isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by environment (IBE) showed that geographical and environmental distances among the populations were not the determinants for genetic differentiation in citron. Haplotype network analysis indicated that cultivated citrons from Mediterranean areas and south India might have originated from northeast India. Demographic analyses revealed a historical expansion in citron. The genetic lineages of citron diverged during the Pleistocene epoch of the Quaternary period. Paleoclimate modeling demonstrated that the citron habitat range continuously expanded from the last interglacial (LIG) to current climatic conditions. The study supported the nativity and occurrence of wild populations of citron in northeast India. The findings of this study could be useful for conserving and utilizing wild citron genetic resources in northeast India.</p>

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Molecular phylogeography of citron (Citrus medica L.) inferred from non-coding chloroplast DNA sequences and paleoclimate modeling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月1日

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  • Aakash Maurya,
  • Ram Mohan,
  • Bhavya Priyadarshini Mishra,
  • Tikam Singh Rana,
  • Narayanan K. Nair

摘要

Citron (Citrus medica L.) is a major citrus fruit crop known for its medicinal, aromatic, and nutritional properties. Although citron has a natural distribution range in northeast India, Myanmar, and Yunnan (China), the genealogy of their distribution in its native center in northeast India is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the phylogeographic patterns and evolutionary history of citron using two non-coding chloroplast DNA loci (rps16 intron and trnL-F region including trnL intron) and paleoclimate modeling. Citron exhibited 12 haplotypes and high haplotype diversity. Comparatively higher gene diversity (Ht = 0.67) was found among all the populations than within the populations (Hs = 0.53). There was no phylogeographic structure despite the significant moderate genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.22; P < 0.001). The analyses of isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by environment (IBE) showed that geographical and environmental distances among the populations were not the determinants for genetic differentiation in citron. Haplotype network analysis indicated that cultivated citrons from Mediterranean areas and south India might have originated from northeast India. Demographic analyses revealed a historical expansion in citron. The genetic lineages of citron diverged during the Pleistocene epoch of the Quaternary period. Paleoclimate modeling demonstrated that the citron habitat range continuously expanded from the last interglacial (LIG) to current climatic conditions. The study supported the nativity and occurrence of wild populations of citron in northeast India. The findings of this study could be useful for conserving and utilizing wild citron genetic resources in northeast India.