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<p>In this study, we analyze a downlink of the wireless body area network (WBAN) based on the cell-free (CF) protocol, where distributed access points (APs) collaborate to serve independent sensors attached to human bodies simultaneously. Additionally, we construct the WBAN based on the small-cell (SC) protocol, where each sensor is served by one AP with the best channel condition. The time division duplex architecture is applied to control the pilot training and data transmission phases of the CF and SC protocols. Furthermore, we propose pilot assignment algorithms, including the pilot reassignment (PR) and pilot assignment for master APs (PAMA) methods, aiming to mitigate pilot contamination and enhance the accuracy of channel estimation. The closed-form expressions for the sensor throughput are derived, and then the transmission power is optimized for the downlink of the proposed models. Simulation results are evaluated using the cumulative distribution function of sensor throughput, focusing on both the minimum and average sensor throughput under different pilot allocation strategies for the CF and SC protocols. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in improving throughput performance under different pilot assignment strategies. In particular, PR is effective in enhancing the throughput of the most affected sensors, whereas PAMA achieves competitive average throughput performance. The results also confirm that the proposed pilot assignment algorithms can effectively mitigate pilot contamination and maintain high throughput performance even when the number of available pilot sequences is limited.</p>

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Proposal of Pilot Assignment Algorithms for Channel Estimation in Downlink Wireless Body Area Network with Cell-free Protocol

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Do Dinh Hung,
  • Nguyen Hoai Giang,
  • Bui Anh Duc,
  • Be Thi Bich Hoai,
  • Pham Thanh Hiep,
  • Nguyen Thu Phuong

摘要

In this study, we analyze a downlink of the wireless body area network (WBAN) based on the cell-free (CF) protocol, where distributed access points (APs) collaborate to serve independent sensors attached to human bodies simultaneously. Additionally, we construct the WBAN based on the small-cell (SC) protocol, where each sensor is served by one AP with the best channel condition. The time division duplex architecture is applied to control the pilot training and data transmission phases of the CF and SC protocols. Furthermore, we propose pilot assignment algorithms, including the pilot reassignment (PR) and pilot assignment for master APs (PAMA) methods, aiming to mitigate pilot contamination and enhance the accuracy of channel estimation. The closed-form expressions for the sensor throughput are derived, and then the transmission power is optimized for the downlink of the proposed models. Simulation results are evaluated using the cumulative distribution function of sensor throughput, focusing on both the minimum and average sensor throughput under different pilot allocation strategies for the CF and SC protocols. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in improving throughput performance under different pilot assignment strategies. In particular, PR is effective in enhancing the throughput of the most affected sensors, whereas PAMA achieves competitive average throughput performance. The results also confirm that the proposed pilot assignment algorithms can effectively mitigate pilot contamination and maintain high throughput performance even when the number of available pilot sequences is limited.