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<p>Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become crucial in various sectors, particularly in Search and Rescue (SAR) operations, where rapid deployment, real-time communication, and adaptability to changing environments are essential. Effective communication and coordination among UAVs are vital in such missions, requiring robust ad hoc networking protocols. This study examines the performance of three widely used ad hoc routing protocols—Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)—in SAR scenarios. To model UAV movements, three mobility models are employed: Random Waypoint (RWP), Gauss–Markov (GM), and Paparazzi (PPRZ). Through extensive simulations, the performance of each routing protocol is evaluated under different mobility scenarios using metrics such as packet delivery ratio, delay, and energy consumption. The results indicate that AODV achieves the highest packet delivery ratio and the lowest energy consumption, while OLSR exhibits the lowest delay across all mobility models. In addition, the PPRZ mobility model consistently provides low delay, high packet delivery ratio, and low energy consumption for all routing protocols. This research provides valuable insights into effective combinations of routing protocols and mobility models for UAV-based SAR operations and can serve as a baseline foundation for future research focused on adaptive, congestion-aware, fault-tolerant, and coordinated routing techniques for large-scale and realistic UAV-assisted SAR operations.</p>

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Characterizing the Performance of UAVNET Routing Protocols in Search-and-Rescue Operations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Surabhi Patel,
  • Karan Raj

摘要

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become crucial in various sectors, particularly in Search and Rescue (SAR) operations, where rapid deployment, real-time communication, and adaptability to changing environments are essential. Effective communication and coordination among UAVs are vital in such missions, requiring robust ad hoc networking protocols. This study examines the performance of three widely used ad hoc routing protocols—Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)—in SAR scenarios. To model UAV movements, three mobility models are employed: Random Waypoint (RWP), Gauss–Markov (GM), and Paparazzi (PPRZ). Through extensive simulations, the performance of each routing protocol is evaluated under different mobility scenarios using metrics such as packet delivery ratio, delay, and energy consumption. The results indicate that AODV achieves the highest packet delivery ratio and the lowest energy consumption, while OLSR exhibits the lowest delay across all mobility models. In addition, the PPRZ mobility model consistently provides low delay, high packet delivery ratio, and low energy consumption for all routing protocols. This research provides valuable insights into effective combinations of routing protocols and mobility models for UAV-based SAR operations and can serve as a baseline foundation for future research focused on adaptive, congestion-aware, fault-tolerant, and coordinated routing techniques for large-scale and realistic UAV-assisted SAR operations.