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<p>Simultaneously Transmitting and Reflecting Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (STAR-RIS), composed of numerous passive elements, offer a cost-effective solution for cell-free massive MIMO (CF-mMIMO) systems by mitigating expenses and effectively suppressing undesired eavesdropper signals, thereby enhancing physical layer security. Previous studies have predominantly focused on integrating conventional Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) within CF-mMIMO frameworks. In this context, the present study introduces the application of STAR-RIS to bolster the security performance of CF-mMIMO systems under pilot deception attacks perpetrated by active eavesdroppers. This work represents the implementation of an optimization strategy that involves both the phase shifts of STAR-RIS elements and the power allocation of access point (AP) transmissions to users, employing an alternating optimization approach aimed at minimizing the information leakage rate to active eavesdroppers. Simulation outcomes demonstrate that STAR-RIS significantly enhances the system’s secrecy rate. Moreover, the proposed iterative optimization scheme markedly outperforms traditional RIS-based methods, underscoring the critical role of jointly optimizing phase shifts and AP transmission power coefficients in improving security performance. These findings offer valuable insights for the deployment of STAR-RIS technology in urban communication environments.</p>

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Exploiting STAR-RIS for Limiting Information Leakage to Active Eavesdropper in Cell-free Massive MIMO

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月19日

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  • Hsuan-Fu Wang,
  • Fang-Biau Ueng,
  • Shang-Yu Chen

摘要

Simultaneously Transmitting and Reflecting Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (STAR-RIS), composed of numerous passive elements, offer a cost-effective solution for cell-free massive MIMO (CF-mMIMO) systems by mitigating expenses and effectively suppressing undesired eavesdropper signals, thereby enhancing physical layer security. Previous studies have predominantly focused on integrating conventional Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) within CF-mMIMO frameworks. In this context, the present study introduces the application of STAR-RIS to bolster the security performance of CF-mMIMO systems under pilot deception attacks perpetrated by active eavesdroppers. This work represents the implementation of an optimization strategy that involves both the phase shifts of STAR-RIS elements and the power allocation of access point (AP) transmissions to users, employing an alternating optimization approach aimed at minimizing the information leakage rate to active eavesdroppers. Simulation outcomes demonstrate that STAR-RIS significantly enhances the system’s secrecy rate. Moreover, the proposed iterative optimization scheme markedly outperforms traditional RIS-based methods, underscoring the critical role of jointly optimizing phase shifts and AP transmission power coefficients in improving security performance. These findings offer valuable insights for the deployment of STAR-RIS technology in urban communication environments.