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<p>With the rapid development of communication technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and mobile devices, the amount of data exchanged over the internet has drastically increased. Blockchain technology has emerged as one of the most promising solution to enhance the security, privacy, data integrity and immutability of data shared over the internet. Hashing technique forms one of the core features of blockchain that maintains data integrity and immutability. However, the real time deployment of conventional blockchain technology in resource-constrained environments like IoT and UAV are not straight-forward due to many issues such as storage capacity, energy efficiency, power consumption and limited hardware resources. Maintaining data integrity through lightweight and energy efficient cryptography techniques is the need of the hour in these sectors. The adoption of lightweight hash functions in blockchain technology can help address these challenges. This paper presents an enhanced lightweight hash function termed Rad-<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({2}^{2}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> Beetle hash. The proposed Rad-2<sup>2</sup>Beetle hash adopts a Beetle-inspired sponge construction, where the internal permutation is realized using the Lightweight Radix-2<sup>2</sup> New Mersenne Number Transform (Rad-2<sup>2</sup>NMNT). The proposed Rad-2<sup>2</sup>Beetle hash function was evaluated on FPGA Spartan-7 and in Python 3.9, comparing speed, throughput, energy and power utilization against Sparkle-ESCH256, LESAMNTA-LW, ASCON-Hash, XOODYAK-Hash, ALIT-Hash, TJUILIK-Hash, PHOTON-Beetle-Hash, PHOTON and SPONGENT. The results indicate that the proposed approach provides competitive performance and is suitability for lightweight, resource-constrained blockchain applications.</p>

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Rad-\({2}^{2}\) Beetle: an enhanced lightweight hash function for resource-constrained environments in blockchain technology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • V. Akshaya Keerthi,
  • V. Vijayalakshmi

摘要

With the rapid development of communication technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and mobile devices, the amount of data exchanged over the internet has drastically increased. Blockchain technology has emerged as one of the most promising solution to enhance the security, privacy, data integrity and immutability of data shared over the internet. Hashing technique forms one of the core features of blockchain that maintains data integrity and immutability. However, the real time deployment of conventional blockchain technology in resource-constrained environments like IoT and UAV are not straight-forward due to many issues such as storage capacity, energy efficiency, power consumption and limited hardware resources. Maintaining data integrity through lightweight and energy efficient cryptography techniques is the need of the hour in these sectors. The adoption of lightweight hash functions in blockchain technology can help address these challenges. This paper presents an enhanced lightweight hash function termed Rad- \({2}^{2}\) Beetle hash. The proposed Rad-22Beetle hash adopts a Beetle-inspired sponge construction, where the internal permutation is realized using the Lightweight Radix-22 New Mersenne Number Transform (Rad-22NMNT). The proposed Rad-22Beetle hash function was evaluated on FPGA Spartan-7 and in Python 3.9, comparing speed, throughput, energy and power utilization against Sparkle-ESCH256, LESAMNTA-LW, ASCON-Hash, XOODYAK-Hash, ALIT-Hash, TJUILIK-Hash, PHOTON-Beetle-Hash, PHOTON and SPONGENT. The results indicate that the proposed approach provides competitive performance and is suitability for lightweight, resource-constrained blockchain applications.