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<p>In this work, a type of printed circuit board antenna, flexible and wearable, bioinspired by Neem plant shapes (<i>Azadirachta indica</i>), is designed to operate in the 5G band at 3.5 GHz, covering the frequency range of 3.3 GHz to 3.6 GHz. The antennas are fabricated using polyamide, a flexible dielectric material resistant to high temperatures and mechanical stress. The Gielis formula generates the plant-inspired shape. The antenna design was carried out in MATLAB, and simulations and design adjustments were performed using the Ansys software. The results show that using the Neem-inspired geometry enables the development of a compact structure, with a 27% reduction in area compared to a simulated circular shape antenna, while maintaining similar gain, and exhibiting an irradiation pattern that ensures uniform power distribution and low group delay. The flexible, wearable, bioinspired PCB antenna exhibits wideband performance, with a measured bandwidth exceeding 500 MHz. The compact design measures 23.36 mm in length and 17.52 mm in width, featuring an omnidirectional radiation pattern, a half-power beamwidth of 84 degrees, a maximum gain of 2.03&#xa0;dBi, and complete coverage of the 5G band at 3.5 GHz. Simulation results also show that ground plane displacement affects the resonance frequency, with optimal performance observed at a distance of 1 mm.</p>

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Wearable plant-shape bioinspired PCB antennas for 5G band at 3.5 GHz

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月17日

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  • Eduarda Fróes dos Santos,
  • Raimundo Carlos Silvério Freire,
  • Paulo Fernandes da Silva Junior,
  • Fernando Luiz Florêncio Barros,
  • Gabrielle Muniz Fernandes,
  • Sebastian Yuri Cavalcanti Catunda

摘要

In this work, a type of printed circuit board antenna, flexible and wearable, bioinspired by Neem plant shapes (Azadirachta indica), is designed to operate in the 5G band at 3.5 GHz, covering the frequency range of 3.3 GHz to 3.6 GHz. The antennas are fabricated using polyamide, a flexible dielectric material resistant to high temperatures and mechanical stress. The Gielis formula generates the plant-inspired shape. The antenna design was carried out in MATLAB, and simulations and design adjustments were performed using the Ansys software. The results show that using the Neem-inspired geometry enables the development of a compact structure, with a 27% reduction in area compared to a simulated circular shape antenna, while maintaining similar gain, and exhibiting an irradiation pattern that ensures uniform power distribution and low group delay. The flexible, wearable, bioinspired PCB antenna exhibits wideband performance, with a measured bandwidth exceeding 500 MHz. The compact design measures 23.36 mm in length and 17.52 mm in width, featuring an omnidirectional radiation pattern, a half-power beamwidth of 84 degrees, a maximum gain of 2.03 dBi, and complete coverage of the 5G band at 3.5 GHz. Simulation results also show that ground plane displacement affects the resonance frequency, with optimal performance observed at a distance of 1 mm.