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<p>Monascus pigments (MPs) are natural food colorants that have received significant attention in the food industry due to their widespread use as food additives. This study employed food-grade isopropyl myristate (IPM) at different concentrations to modulate MP biosynthesis. The results showed that adding 10&#xa0;g/L IPM significantly increased pigment production, reaching a total color value of 107.957 AU/50&#xa0;mL, which corresponds to a 3.49-fold increase compared to the control. Furthermore, the pigment content per unit biomass increased to 335.774 AU/g, representing a 1.378-fold improvement over the control. Visual observation and scanning electron microscopy revealed that IPM-treated mycelial pellets had smaller diameters, darker pigmentation, thicker cell walls, rougher surfaces, and higher conidia production. Untargeted metabolomic profiling identified 89 differentially expressed metabolites between the IPM-treated and control groups. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis linked these metabolites to ABC transporters, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, and cofactor biosynthesis. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that IPM stimulates MP biosynthesis by upregulating key precursors and substrates involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, and cofactor biosynthesis pathways (e.g., NADPH and CoA).</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Mechanistic insights into isopropyl myristate-stimulated monascus pigment biosynthesis via untargeted metabolomics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Renzhi Wan,
  • Zhiqiang Wang,
  • Yuling Li,
  • Xin Zeng,
  • Bingyue Xin,
  • Jie Qiao,
  • Huawei Zeng,
  • Liang Zhang

摘要

Monascus pigments (MPs) are natural food colorants that have received significant attention in the food industry due to their widespread use as food additives. This study employed food-grade isopropyl myristate (IPM) at different concentrations to modulate MP biosynthesis. The results showed that adding 10 g/L IPM significantly increased pigment production, reaching a total color value of 107.957 AU/50 mL, which corresponds to a 3.49-fold increase compared to the control. Furthermore, the pigment content per unit biomass increased to 335.774 AU/g, representing a 1.378-fold improvement over the control. Visual observation and scanning electron microscopy revealed that IPM-treated mycelial pellets had smaller diameters, darker pigmentation, thicker cell walls, rougher surfaces, and higher conidia production. Untargeted metabolomic profiling identified 89 differentially expressed metabolites between the IPM-treated and control groups. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis linked these metabolites to ABC transporters, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, and cofactor biosynthesis. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that IPM stimulates MP biosynthesis by upregulating key precursors and substrates involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, and cofactor biosynthesis pathways (e.g., NADPH and CoA).

Graphical abstract