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<p>Aquaculture plays a vital role in ensuring global food security. However, the use of <i>Artemia</i> as crucial live food in the hatchery industry is often limited by cost, availability, and nutritional variability. This study investigated the potential of Purple Non-Sulphur Bacteria isolates, specifically <i>Rhodopseudomonas</i> sp. strain AZR1 and <i>Rhodopseudomonas</i> sp. strain AZW1, isolated from a mangrove ecosystem in Terengganu, Malaysia, as a sustainable feed supplement for <i>Artemia</i>. Following 16&#xa0;S rRNA gene sequencing, these strains were characterized for growth kinetics, carotenoid production, nutritional composition, and fatty acid profiles to determine the best isolate for use as <i>Artemia</i> feed. Strain AZR1 outperformed strain AZW1, exhibiting higher growth rates (maximum 4.93&#xa0;g/L dry cell weight vs. 3.9&#xa0;g/L), better carotenoid production (10.16&#xa0;mg/g vs. 7.68&#xa0;mg/g), and enhanced nutritional values (53.17% protein, 7.77% lipid vs. 50.55% protein, 6.76% lipid), with elevated levels of astaxanthin (0.324&#xa0;µg/mL vs. 0.254&#xa0;µg/mL) and β-carotene (0.228&#xa0;µg/mL vs. 0.16&#xa0;µg/mL). Subsequently, strain AZR1 was evaluated as a diet for <i>Artemia franciscana</i> under both hatchery and small-scale <i>Artemia</i> test conditions, comparing its effects to Baker’s yeast (control) and a Palm Kernel Cake by-product (PKC Nutri+). Results revealed that <i>Artemia</i> fed with strain AZR1 displayed significantly improved growth (length 9.6–10.11&#xa0;mm), enhanced water quality (low ammonium concentrations: 2&#xa0;mg/L vs. 8&#xa0;mg/L for both yeast and PKC Nutri+), increased resistance to <i>Vibrio campbellii</i> (91.67% survival after challenge with 10⁸ cells/mL), upregulated expression of immune-related genes (<i>Hsp70</i>, <i>Hsp90</i>, <i>proPO</i>), and superior nutritional profiles (50.96% protein, 6.62% lipid, enhanced carotenoid composition) compared to the other feeds. However, while PKC Nutri + exhibited higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), strain AZR1 presented a safer, healthier, and mycotoxin-free alternative. This study demonstrates the potential of strain AZR1 as a promising candidate for sustainable single-cell protein (SCP) production, and its beneficial effect on <i>Artemia</i> growth performance, nutritional quality, disease resistance, and immune function.</p>

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Probiotic potential of mangrove sediment-derived purple non-sulfur bacteria: effects on Artemia growth, vibrio resistance, and nutritional profile

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月24日

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  • Athirah Zaidi,
  • Jasnizat Saidin,
  • Yeong Yik Sung,
  • Nor Hafizah Zakaria,
  • Saranya Sinnasamy,
  • Patrick Sorgeloos

摘要

Aquaculture plays a vital role in ensuring global food security. However, the use of Artemia as crucial live food in the hatchery industry is often limited by cost, availability, and nutritional variability. This study investigated the potential of Purple Non-Sulphur Bacteria isolates, specifically Rhodopseudomonas sp. strain AZR1 and Rhodopseudomonas sp. strain AZW1, isolated from a mangrove ecosystem in Terengganu, Malaysia, as a sustainable feed supplement for Artemia. Following 16 S rRNA gene sequencing, these strains were characterized for growth kinetics, carotenoid production, nutritional composition, and fatty acid profiles to determine the best isolate for use as Artemia feed. Strain AZR1 outperformed strain AZW1, exhibiting higher growth rates (maximum 4.93 g/L dry cell weight vs. 3.9 g/L), better carotenoid production (10.16 mg/g vs. 7.68 mg/g), and enhanced nutritional values (53.17% protein, 7.77% lipid vs. 50.55% protein, 6.76% lipid), with elevated levels of astaxanthin (0.324 µg/mL vs. 0.254 µg/mL) and β-carotene (0.228 µg/mL vs. 0.16 µg/mL). Subsequently, strain AZR1 was evaluated as a diet for Artemia franciscana under both hatchery and small-scale Artemia test conditions, comparing its effects to Baker’s yeast (control) and a Palm Kernel Cake by-product (PKC Nutri+). Results revealed that Artemia fed with strain AZR1 displayed significantly improved growth (length 9.6–10.11 mm), enhanced water quality (low ammonium concentrations: 2 mg/L vs. 8 mg/L for both yeast and PKC Nutri+), increased resistance to Vibrio campbellii (91.67% survival after challenge with 10⁸ cells/mL), upregulated expression of immune-related genes (Hsp70, Hsp90, proPO), and superior nutritional profiles (50.96% protein, 6.62% lipid, enhanced carotenoid composition) compared to the other feeds. However, while PKC Nutri + exhibited higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), strain AZR1 presented a safer, healthier, and mycotoxin-free alternative. This study demonstrates the potential of strain AZR1 as a promising candidate for sustainable single-cell protein (SCP) production, and its beneficial effect on Artemia growth performance, nutritional quality, disease resistance, and immune function.