<p>Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) are structures composed of a floating platform and plants that have the ability to remediate water bodies through phytoremediation processes. Their performance depends on various parameters, including engineering design, type of vegetation, buoyancy, anchoring system, water characteristics, climate suitability, water body depth, and maintenance level. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of FTW applications for the treatment of stormwater and polluted waters through remediation. From the publications collected on the Web of Science platform, 26 were selected using the Proknow-C method. These articles were concentrated in the USA, China, and New Zealand. The bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer and RStudio software and the application of the t-SNE method allowed us to delineate the three research fronts on the topic: processes and performance in the removal of nutrients and other pollutants; processes occurring in the various components; and the role of plants. The criteria for plant selection and the techniques for monitoring effluent quality and plant species have been extensively studied, while other aspects, such as gaps regarding the standardization of design, operation, and maintenance parameters for FTWs, still require further investigation. Despite 69.2% of the articles being conducted at the field scale, there are gaps regarding the standardization of FTW design, operation, and maintenance parameters. Future studies should focus on the use of local and recyclable materials, FTW computational modeling, effluent reuse, and citizen science strategies, aiming to increase the efficacy and sustainability of the technology.</p>