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<p>Industrial discharge of synthetic dyes constitutes a persistent environmental challenge requiring sustainable remediation technologies. This investigation reports the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of poly(ortho-chloroaniline) (PClA), tin oxide quantum dots (SnQD), and their nanocomposite (PClA/SnQD) as photocatalysts. Ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel synthesis yielded monodisperse SnQD (3.1–4.9&#xa0;nm) exhibiting quantum confinement effects with a reduced band gap of 3.74&#xa0;eV, consistent with the rutile tetragonal phase. The PClA/SnQD composite displayed intermediate crystallite dimensions (20–30&#xa0;nm) and band gap (3.15&#xa0;eV). Under simulated solar irradiation, pristine SnQD achieved 92.8% methyl-orange degradation within 120&#xa0;min, while the PClA/SnQD composite attained 79.9% efficiency. The improved activity of the composite relative to pristine PClA is attributed to the incorporation of SnO₂ photoactive domains and polymer–oxide interfacial contact. Application to industrial textile wastewater reduced COD from 4100–6630&#xa0;ppm to regulatory compliance levels (&lt; 1000&#xa0;ppm). Recyclability assessment revealed exceptional stability, with SnQD retaining 83.2% activity after seven cycles, while the composite maintained 73.6% efficiency. Tomato-seed germination was higher for PClA/SnQD-treated media than for PClA-treated media by approximately 21–25% under the tested conditions. This result is interpreted as a preliminary germination-based phytotoxicity response, not as evidence of SnQD-modulated ROS signaling, antioxidant-enzyme activation, or plant-growth promotion, because no ROS quantification, antioxidant-enzyme assay, elemental uptake analysis, or cytotoxicity test was performed. These findings support the potential of SnO₂ quantum dots and polymer-supported SnO₂ hybrid materials for solar-assisted dye-wastewater remediation and preliminary phytotoxicity reduction as bifunctional materials for wastewater photoremediation accompanied by preliminary assessment of residual phytotoxicity under solar irradiation.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Tin Oxide Quantum Dots and Poly(Ortho-Chloroaniline)-Supported SnO2 Nanocomposite for Dye-Wastewater Photocatalysis, Reuse, and Seed-Germination Assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Walied A. A. Mohamed,
  • Hala T. Handal,
  • Mahmoud A. M. Ahmed,
  • Nahla M. Badawy,
  • Mona M. Fawzy,
  • Ibrahem A. Ibrahem,
  • Hanan A. Mousa,
  • Hoda R. Galal,
  • M. S. A. Abdel-Mottaleb,
  • Ammar A. Labib

摘要

Industrial discharge of synthetic dyes constitutes a persistent environmental challenge requiring sustainable remediation technologies. This investigation reports the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of poly(ortho-chloroaniline) (PClA), tin oxide quantum dots (SnQD), and their nanocomposite (PClA/SnQD) as photocatalysts. Ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel synthesis yielded monodisperse SnQD (3.1–4.9 nm) exhibiting quantum confinement effects with a reduced band gap of 3.74 eV, consistent with the rutile tetragonal phase. The PClA/SnQD composite displayed intermediate crystallite dimensions (20–30 nm) and band gap (3.15 eV). Under simulated solar irradiation, pristine SnQD achieved 92.8% methyl-orange degradation within 120 min, while the PClA/SnQD composite attained 79.9% efficiency. The improved activity of the composite relative to pristine PClA is attributed to the incorporation of SnO₂ photoactive domains and polymer–oxide interfacial contact. Application to industrial textile wastewater reduced COD from 4100–6630 ppm to regulatory compliance levels (< 1000 ppm). Recyclability assessment revealed exceptional stability, with SnQD retaining 83.2% activity after seven cycles, while the composite maintained 73.6% efficiency. Tomato-seed germination was higher for PClA/SnQD-treated media than for PClA-treated media by approximately 21–25% under the tested conditions. This result is interpreted as a preliminary germination-based phytotoxicity response, not as evidence of SnQD-modulated ROS signaling, antioxidant-enzyme activation, or plant-growth promotion, because no ROS quantification, antioxidant-enzyme assay, elemental uptake analysis, or cytotoxicity test was performed. These findings support the potential of SnO₂ quantum dots and polymer-supported SnO₂ hybrid materials for solar-assisted dye-wastewater remediation and preliminary phytotoxicity reduction as bifunctional materials for wastewater photoremediation accompanied by preliminary assessment of residual phytotoxicity under solar irradiation.

Graphical Abstract