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<p>Enne Dam Lake (EDL) is a vital resource for regional water supply and ecosystem stability within the Sakarya River Watershed. Located in Kutahya (39° 28′ 21″ N; 29° 51′ 58″ E), this reservoir covers 0.94 km<sup>2</sup>, has a storage capacity of 6.85 million cubic meters, and has provided drinking water since 1972. Despite its importance, recent data on its water quality remain insufficient. This study evaluated the spatial distribution of hydrochemical parameters in EDL to identify contemporary environmental pressures. Physicochemical factors, including nitrite (NO₂–N), phosphate (PO₄–P), dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), and turbidity, were analysed using samples from 15 stations collected in summer 2025. The highest temperature, EC, TDS, NO₂–N, and PO₄–P values of 26.4°C, 650 µS/cm, 299 mg/L, 0.006 mg/L, and 0.57 mg/L were found upstream of the EDL, respectively. Results showed that the inflow regions, impacted by thermal tourism discharges and domestic wastewater, have higher temperatures, reduced DO, and elevated NO₂–N and PO₄–P levels. Spatial distribution maps were generated using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), while the Pearson correlation matrix (PCM), and cluster analysis (CA) identified pollution hotspots. Nutrient pollution index (NPI) values were lowest near the dam outlet (moderate pollution, 1–3) and the highest in the mid-reservoir zone and inlet (high pollution, &gt; 6). These findings reveal significant spatial heterogeneity and highlight the urgency of integrated watershed management.</p>

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Nutrient Enrichment Patterns and Spatial Heterogeneity in Enne Dam Lake (Sakarya River Watershed, Türkiye): Insights for Watershed Management Strategies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Cem Tokatlı,
  • Said Muhammad,
  • Alper Uğurluoğlu,
  • Ahmet Bahtiyar Arvas,
  • Rahmatullah Hakımı,
  • İlker Manav,
  • İsmail Yoşumaz,
  • Caner Dilber

摘要

Enne Dam Lake (EDL) is a vital resource for regional water supply and ecosystem stability within the Sakarya River Watershed. Located in Kutahya (39° 28′ 21″ N; 29° 51′ 58″ E), this reservoir covers 0.94 km2, has a storage capacity of 6.85 million cubic meters, and has provided drinking water since 1972. Despite its importance, recent data on its water quality remain insufficient. This study evaluated the spatial distribution of hydrochemical parameters in EDL to identify contemporary environmental pressures. Physicochemical factors, including nitrite (NO₂–N), phosphate (PO₄–P), dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), and turbidity, were analysed using samples from 15 stations collected in summer 2025. The highest temperature, EC, TDS, NO₂–N, and PO₄–P values of 26.4°C, 650 µS/cm, 299 mg/L, 0.006 mg/L, and 0.57 mg/L were found upstream of the EDL, respectively. Results showed that the inflow regions, impacted by thermal tourism discharges and domestic wastewater, have higher temperatures, reduced DO, and elevated NO₂–N and PO₄–P levels. Spatial distribution maps were generated using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), while the Pearson correlation matrix (PCM), and cluster analysis (CA) identified pollution hotspots. Nutrient pollution index (NPI) values were lowest near the dam outlet (moderate pollution, 1–3) and the highest in the mid-reservoir zone and inlet (high pollution, > 6). These findings reveal significant spatial heterogeneity and highlight the urgency of integrated watershed management.