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<p>Lahore, second-biggest city in Pakistan and a centre of culture and the economy, is mainly dependent on groundwater to meet its expanding water needs. There is a need to transition from groundwater to surface water sources to meet the over growing demand of water supply. But surface water has its own problems, such as high turbidity and the presence of natural organic matter (NOM), which can form toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). This study has been conducted to investigate the potential of plant based natural coagulants focusing on <i>Lallemantia royleana</i>, <i>Sesbania bispinosa</i>, and <i>Cyamopsis tetragonoloba</i> (coagulant aid) for removal of turbidity and NOM in terms of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) from surface water in comparison to chemical coagulant i.e. alum. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for Design of Experiment and optimization of treatment variables i.e. pH and coagulant dose. <i>Sesbania</i> achieved higher removal efficiencies i.e. 94.1% turbidity removal; 71.1% NOM removal as compared to <i>Lallemantia</i>. Furthermore, under optimum conditions (pH 6.50 and dose of 57.7&#xa0;mg/L), <i>Sesbania</i> achieved 88.4% turbidity and 55.2% NOM removal, outperforming <i>Lallemantia</i>, which achieved 83.9% turbidity and 49.2% NOM removal at its optimum condition (pH 6.50 and dose 60.6&#xa0;mg/L). Alum, however, showed the highest efficiency with 98.5% turbidity and 91.8% NOM removal at optimum conditions of <i>Lallemantia</i> as compared to that of <i>Sesbania</i> at optimum conditions. Adding <i>Cyamopsis</i> as a coagulant aid (10–40% of optimal doses) slightly enhanced performance, with NOM removal reaching 61.7%(residual 5.4&#xa0;mg/L) at 30% aid concentration with <i>Lallemantia</i>. ANOVA analysis identified both pH and dose as significant factors for turbidity and NOM removal in case of treatment by <i>Sesbania</i>; however, dose as significant factor for Turbidity and NOM removal in case of <i>Lallemantia</i>. Although alum demonstrated best performance, <i>Sesbania</i> showed greater efficiency among natural coagulants, highlighting its potential as eco-friendly alternative for water treatment. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed presence of protein and carbohydrate functional groups (responsible for coagulation) in case of natural coagulants. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed that both the natural coagulants functioned through Interparticle bridging and adsorption with additional charge neutralization observed in case of <i>Sesbania.</i></p>

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Evaluation of Lallemantia royleana and Sesbania bispinosa with Cyamopsis tetragonoloba as Natural Coagulant Aid for Surface Water Treatment: Comparison based Assessment and Process Optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Saira Ramzan,
  • Mehwish Anis

摘要

Lahore, second-biggest city in Pakistan and a centre of culture and the economy, is mainly dependent on groundwater to meet its expanding water needs. There is a need to transition from groundwater to surface water sources to meet the over growing demand of water supply. But surface water has its own problems, such as high turbidity and the presence of natural organic matter (NOM), which can form toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). This study has been conducted to investigate the potential of plant based natural coagulants focusing on Lallemantia royleana, Sesbania bispinosa, and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (coagulant aid) for removal of turbidity and NOM in terms of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) from surface water in comparison to chemical coagulant i.e. alum. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for Design of Experiment and optimization of treatment variables i.e. pH and coagulant dose. Sesbania achieved higher removal efficiencies i.e. 94.1% turbidity removal; 71.1% NOM removal as compared to Lallemantia. Furthermore, under optimum conditions (pH 6.50 and dose of 57.7 mg/L), Sesbania achieved 88.4% turbidity and 55.2% NOM removal, outperforming Lallemantia, which achieved 83.9% turbidity and 49.2% NOM removal at its optimum condition (pH 6.50 and dose 60.6 mg/L). Alum, however, showed the highest efficiency with 98.5% turbidity and 91.8% NOM removal at optimum conditions of Lallemantia as compared to that of Sesbania at optimum conditions. Adding Cyamopsis as a coagulant aid (10–40% of optimal doses) slightly enhanced performance, with NOM removal reaching 61.7%(residual 5.4 mg/L) at 30% aid concentration with Lallemantia. ANOVA analysis identified both pH and dose as significant factors for turbidity and NOM removal in case of treatment by Sesbania; however, dose as significant factor for Turbidity and NOM removal in case of Lallemantia. Although alum demonstrated best performance, Sesbania showed greater efficiency among natural coagulants, highlighting its potential as eco-friendly alternative for water treatment. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed presence of protein and carbohydrate functional groups (responsible for coagulation) in case of natural coagulants. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed that both the natural coagulants functioned through Interparticle bridging and adsorption with additional charge neutralization observed in case of Sesbania.