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<p>This study investigated the quantity and length of microplastic fibers released from durable water-repellent polyamide and polyester fabrics under different washing conditions in a standardised laboratory laundering simulation (ISO 105‑C06:2010), including mechanical force, temperature, bath ratio, and detergent dosage, as well as the types and levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances attached to their surfaces. Compared to laundering with deionized water only, the addition of detergent increased microplastic fibers release by 36–38 times for both polyamide and polyester fabrics, and reduced their average length by 22% to 47%. When calculated based on the coverage area of the filter membrane, the release quantity of microplastic fibers was 24–77 times higher than that from direct counting methods. Combustion ion chromatography revealed a fluorine content of approximately 1.6&#xa0;mg/kg for polyamide and 0.3&#xa0;mg/kg for polyester in microplastic fibers released per wash, confirming their role as significant vectors for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances transport from textiles to aquatic environments. Based on the experimental results, it is predicted that, assuming a typical household washing (20 times/year, 40 °C, 45 min, liquor ratio 1:150), a single polyamide-based jacket and a polyester-based jacket, both treated with durable water repellent chemicals, can release approximately 0.436&#xa0;mg and 0.125&#xa0;mg of organofluorine compounds annually into water systems, respectively, highlighting microplastic fibers as a non-negligible new pathway for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances release during laundering. These findings provide a theoretical basis for assessing the ecological risks of combined contamination and optimising laundering conditions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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From Durable Water-Repellent Fabrics to Water Pollution: Microplastic Fibers as a New Pathway for PFAS Release During Washing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Xia Ji,
  • Xu Zhao,
  • Chenfang Deng,
  • Lihui An,
  • Bo Zhu,
  • Jianli Liu

摘要

This study investigated the quantity and length of microplastic fibers released from durable water-repellent polyamide and polyester fabrics under different washing conditions in a standardised laboratory laundering simulation (ISO 105‑C06:2010), including mechanical force, temperature, bath ratio, and detergent dosage, as well as the types and levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances attached to their surfaces. Compared to laundering with deionized water only, the addition of detergent increased microplastic fibers release by 36–38 times for both polyamide and polyester fabrics, and reduced their average length by 22% to 47%. When calculated based on the coverage area of the filter membrane, the release quantity of microplastic fibers was 24–77 times higher than that from direct counting methods. Combustion ion chromatography revealed a fluorine content of approximately 1.6 mg/kg for polyamide and 0.3 mg/kg for polyester in microplastic fibers released per wash, confirming their role as significant vectors for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances transport from textiles to aquatic environments. Based on the experimental results, it is predicted that, assuming a typical household washing (20 times/year, 40 °C, 45 min, liquor ratio 1:150), a single polyamide-based jacket and a polyester-based jacket, both treated with durable water repellent chemicals, can release approximately 0.436 mg and 0.125 mg of organofluorine compounds annually into water systems, respectively, highlighting microplastic fibers as a non-negligible new pathway for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances release during laundering. These findings provide a theoretical basis for assessing the ecological risks of combined contamination and optimising laundering conditions.

Graphical Abstract