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<p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants with pronounced bioaccumulation and multi-organ toxicity in aquatic organisms. This study investigated the comparative nephro-immunotoxic effects of three PFAS— perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) in Nile tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>) following a 14-day exposure to 10&#xa0;mg/L of each compound. PFOS and PFOA represented long-chain PFAS, whereas PFHxS represented a shorter-chain sulfonated PFAS. Results revealed significant renal dysfunction, evidenced by elevated creatinine, uric acid, and glucose levels, indicating metabolic disruption. Oxidative stress was a central mechanism, characterized by increased lipid peroxidation, reduced total antioxidant capacity, enhanced SOD activity, and suppressed GST activity, reflecting impaired redox balance. Immune responses were markedly altered, with decreased lysozyme and IgM levels alongside elevated IL-1β, suggesting concurrent immunosuppression and inflammatory activation. Histopathological analyses confirmed severe kidney and spleen damage, including tubular degeneration, vascular congestion, collagen deposition, and PAS-reactive carbohydrate contents, including glycogen depletion. Comparative toxicity indicated that the long-chain sulfonated PFAS, particularly PFOS, induced the greatest adverse effects, whereas the short-chain PFHxS exhibited comparatively lower toxicity. Overall, these findings provide an integrated mechanistic framework linking oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and tissue injury, highlighting significant ecological and food safety risks associated with PFAS contamination in aquatic environments.</p>

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Comparative Toxicity of PFAS in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus): Oxidative Stress, Nephro-Immunotoxicit, and Histopathological Alterations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月17日

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  • Mohamed Hamed,
  • Seham A. Mobarak,
  • Shimaa M. Kteeba,
  • Sally M. Salaah,
  • Christopher J. Martyniuk,
  • Alaa El-Din H. Sayed

摘要

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants with pronounced bioaccumulation and multi-organ toxicity in aquatic organisms. This study investigated the comparative nephro-immunotoxic effects of three PFAS— perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) following a 14-day exposure to 10 mg/L of each compound. PFOS and PFOA represented long-chain PFAS, whereas PFHxS represented a shorter-chain sulfonated PFAS. Results revealed significant renal dysfunction, evidenced by elevated creatinine, uric acid, and glucose levels, indicating metabolic disruption. Oxidative stress was a central mechanism, characterized by increased lipid peroxidation, reduced total antioxidant capacity, enhanced SOD activity, and suppressed GST activity, reflecting impaired redox balance. Immune responses were markedly altered, with decreased lysozyme and IgM levels alongside elevated IL-1β, suggesting concurrent immunosuppression and inflammatory activation. Histopathological analyses confirmed severe kidney and spleen damage, including tubular degeneration, vascular congestion, collagen deposition, and PAS-reactive carbohydrate contents, including glycogen depletion. Comparative toxicity indicated that the long-chain sulfonated PFAS, particularly PFOS, induced the greatest adverse effects, whereas the short-chain PFHxS exhibited comparatively lower toxicity. Overall, these findings provide an integrated mechanistic framework linking oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and tissue injury, highlighting significant ecological and food safety risks associated with PFAS contamination in aquatic environments.