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<p>Pollution is a global concern affecting ecosystems and human health. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and artificial sweeteners enter water systems through industrial, hospital, and agricultural sources. A magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite (GO–Fe₃O₄@ChCl:PA) was developed as an efficient, magnetically recoverable adsorbent for removing Tetracycline (TC) and Ibuprofen (IBU) from water and biological samples. Functionalization with a choline chloride–propanoic acid (ChCl:PA) deep eutectic solvent (DES) enhanced surface polarity and active sites, improving adsorption performance. Comprehensive characterization tests, including FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, BET, TGA, and VSM, confirmed successful synthesis. Under optimized conditions (initial pH of 6 for TC and 4 for IBU, adsorbent dose 20 mg; adsorbent; contact time: 50 min; initial concentration: 40 mg/L for both drugs) the maximal adsorption for both Tetracycline and Ibuprofen at 80 mg/L were recorded as 67 mg/g Tetracycline and 61 mg/g for Ibuprofen. The kinetic data for Tetracycline and Ibuprofen were well fitted to the pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium data for Tetracycline and Ibuprofen adsorption better fit with the Langmuir isotherm model; suggesting monolayer adsorption on homogeneous active sites. The adsorption process was identified as endothermic, favorable, and spontaneous, characterized by a chemisorption mechanism according to thermodynamic studies. The GO–Fe₃O₄@ChCl:PA nanocomposite retained over 70% removal efficiency after five reuse cycles and demonstrated strong performance in real samples, including hospital wastewater and blood serum. These results highlight its efficiency in pollutant removal, proving that the combination of Deep Eutectic Solvent chemistry and magnetic GO–Fe₃O₄ offers a promising and sustainable approach for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.</p>

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Magnetic Graphene Oxide Modified with Deep Eutectic Solvents for Efficient Removal of Tetracycline and Ibuprofen from Hospital Wastewater and Biological Samples

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Nsar Sh. Omar,
  • Layth I. Abd Ali,
  • Hani K. Ismail

摘要

Pollution is a global concern affecting ecosystems and human health. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and artificial sweeteners enter water systems through industrial, hospital, and agricultural sources. A magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite (GO–Fe₃O₄@ChCl:PA) was developed as an efficient, magnetically recoverable adsorbent for removing Tetracycline (TC) and Ibuprofen (IBU) from water and biological samples. Functionalization with a choline chloride–propanoic acid (ChCl:PA) deep eutectic solvent (DES) enhanced surface polarity and active sites, improving adsorption performance. Comprehensive characterization tests, including FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, BET, TGA, and VSM, confirmed successful synthesis. Under optimized conditions (initial pH of 6 for TC and 4 for IBU, adsorbent dose 20 mg; adsorbent; contact time: 50 min; initial concentration: 40 mg/L for both drugs) the maximal adsorption for both Tetracycline and Ibuprofen at 80 mg/L were recorded as 67 mg/g Tetracycline and 61 mg/g for Ibuprofen. The kinetic data for Tetracycline and Ibuprofen were well fitted to the pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium data for Tetracycline and Ibuprofen adsorption better fit with the Langmuir isotherm model; suggesting monolayer adsorption on homogeneous active sites. The adsorption process was identified as endothermic, favorable, and spontaneous, characterized by a chemisorption mechanism according to thermodynamic studies. The GO–Fe₃O₄@ChCl:PA nanocomposite retained over 70% removal efficiency after five reuse cycles and demonstrated strong performance in real samples, including hospital wastewater and blood serum. These results highlight its efficiency in pollutant removal, proving that the combination of Deep Eutectic Solvent chemistry and magnetic GO–Fe₃O₄ offers a promising and sustainable approach for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.