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<p>The release of synthetic dyes into water systems has created an urgent environmental problem because these pollutants contain toxic substances which remain in the environment and industrial facilities discharge them. The dye reactive black 5 (RB5) appears in industrial wastewater because of its widespread usage and its presence in industrial wastewater contains dangerous substances which threaten both aquatic life and human safety. The study examined how <i>Bambusa vulgaris</i> (BV) biochar treated with different ammonia concentrations effectively removed RB5 from water. Bamboo biochar (BB) was produced through pyrolysis and treated it with 20- and 30-mL ammonia solutions to create B20 and B30. Seven different methods of analysis including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA), Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen analysis (CHN), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were used to identify the characteristics of the biochar. Characterization revealed that ammonia treatment significantly enhanced the physicochemical properties; B20 exhibited a specific surface area of 73.134 m<sup>2</sup>/g and a total pore volume of 0.060 cm<sup>3</sup>/g, compared to 47.887 m<sup>2</sup>/g and 0.042 cm<sup>3</sup>/g for the raw BB. Batch adsorption experiments established the optimum conditions for RB5 removal at an initial concentration of 30&#xa0;mg/L, initial pH of 3.0, an adsorbent dosage of 0.04&#xa0;g, and a contact time of 120&#xa0;min to reach equilibrium. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order (PFO) kinetic model with R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.99792, 0.99446, and 0.9942 for BB, B20, and B30, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm model was found to produce very high R<sup>2</sup> values: BB (0.99983), B20 (0.9999), and B30 (0.99989), which proved the applicability of the model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (q<sub>max</sub>) was significantly improved after functionalization, reaching 40.91&#xa0;mg/g for B30 and 39. 58&#xa0;mg/g for B20, representing a substantial increase over the raw biochar. B20 showed excellent efficiency in the first cycle, recording a removal efficiency of 92.5%, an improvement of 17% compared to the raw biochar. It was complemented by excellent reusability, which was maintained up to eight cycles at 67.8%. Furthermore, the research used elemental analysis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, XPS and BET methods to study after-adsorption characteristics which proved RB5 had been adsorbed. This study demonstrates the vast potential that exists for ammonia-functionalized <i>Bambusa vulgaris</i> biochar, especially B20, as a highly potent, recyclable, and green adsorbent for the successful treatment of anionic dye-contaminated textile wastewater.</p>

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Nitrogen-Enriched Biochar via Hydrothermal Ammonia Functionalization: Surface Engineering of Bambusa Vulgaris for Optimized Capture of Reactive Black 5

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Ehigbochie Joy Ofure,
  • Guijian Liu,
  • Ruijia Liu,
  • Yuan Liu,
  • Balal Yousaf

摘要

The release of synthetic dyes into water systems has created an urgent environmental problem because these pollutants contain toxic substances which remain in the environment and industrial facilities discharge them. The dye reactive black 5 (RB5) appears in industrial wastewater because of its widespread usage and its presence in industrial wastewater contains dangerous substances which threaten both aquatic life and human safety. The study examined how Bambusa vulgaris (BV) biochar treated with different ammonia concentrations effectively removed RB5 from water. Bamboo biochar (BB) was produced through pyrolysis and treated it with 20- and 30-mL ammonia solutions to create B20 and B30. Seven different methods of analysis including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA), Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen analysis (CHN), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were used to identify the characteristics of the biochar. Characterization revealed that ammonia treatment significantly enhanced the physicochemical properties; B20 exhibited a specific surface area of 73.134 m2/g and a total pore volume of 0.060 cm3/g, compared to 47.887 m2/g and 0.042 cm3/g for the raw BB. Batch adsorption experiments established the optimum conditions for RB5 removal at an initial concentration of 30 mg/L, initial pH of 3.0, an adsorbent dosage of 0.04 g, and a contact time of 120 min to reach equilibrium. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order (PFO) kinetic model with R2 values of 0.99792, 0.99446, and 0.9942 for BB, B20, and B30, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm model was found to produce very high R2 values: BB (0.99983), B20 (0.9999), and B30 (0.99989), which proved the applicability of the model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (qmax) was significantly improved after functionalization, reaching 40.91 mg/g for B30 and 39. 58 mg/g for B20, representing a substantial increase over the raw biochar. B20 showed excellent efficiency in the first cycle, recording a removal efficiency of 92.5%, an improvement of 17% compared to the raw biochar. It was complemented by excellent reusability, which was maintained up to eight cycles at 67.8%. Furthermore, the research used elemental analysis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, XPS and BET methods to study after-adsorption characteristics which proved RB5 had been adsorbed. This study demonstrates the vast potential that exists for ammonia-functionalized Bambusa vulgaris biochar, especially B20, as a highly potent, recyclable, and green adsorbent for the successful treatment of anionic dye-contaminated textile wastewater.