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<p>The depletion of low-sulfur crude oil reserves has made the production of low-sulfur fuels a critical yet challenging goal in terms of being a major contributor of air pollution through release of Sox emissions. This study investigates the synthesis and application of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with tailored hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties for the efficient desulfurization of diesel fuel. Four ILs—1-octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([OMIM][BF4]), 1-octyl-3-ethyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([OEIM][BF4]), 1-octyl-2,3-dimethyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([ODMIM][BF4]), and 1-octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([OMIM][PF6])—were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to remove sulfur compounds from a straight-run diesel fuel feedstock containing&#xa0;7740 ppm sulfur. Under optimal conditions (25 °C, 20 min, and a 1:1 IL-to-diesel mass ratio), [OMIM][BF4] achieved the highest sulfur removal efficiency of&#xa0;50.54%, outperforming the other ILs in the order: [OMIM][PF6] (35.55%) &lt; [ODMIM][BF4] (40.53%) &lt; [OEIM][BF4] (45.53%) &lt; [OMIM][BF4] (50.54%). The addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidizing agent further enhanced the desulfurization efficiency to&#xa0;82.95%&#xa0;at an O/S molar ratio of 40. A multistage oxidative-extractive desulfurization process demonstrated a maximum sulfur removal efficiency of&#xa0;95%&#xa0;after five cycles, reducing the sulfur content in diesel fuel to&#xa0;385 ppm. The study highlights the critical role of IL structure in desulfurization performance. The alkyl chain length on the imidazolium cation and the choice of anion (tetrafluoroborate vs. hexafluorophosphate) significantly influenced the ILs' solubility in diesel fuel and their ability to extract sulfur compounds. [OMIM][BF4], with its octyl chain and tetrafluoroborate anion, exhibited the highest efficiency due to its optimal balance of hydrophobicity and solvation power. FTIR analyses confirmed the structural integrity and thermal stability of the ILs, even after multiple recycling cycles, with a recovery efficiency of&#xa0;98%. These findings demonstrate the potential of ILs as sustainable and cost-effective extractive agents for desulfurization, offering a viable alternative to traditional hydrodesulfurization methods. This study provides valuable insights into the design of IL-based desulfurization systems for industrial applications, contributing to global efforts to reduce sulfur emissions and mitigate environmental pollution.</p>

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Efficient Oxidative-Extractive Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel Using Tailored Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids and H₂O₂ Under Mild Conditions: An Attempt for Air Pollution Mitigation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月27日

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  • Magdy T. Zaky,
  • Fathi S. Soliman,
  • Adel A. El-Zahhar,
  • Majed M. Alghamdi,
  • Amira M. Mohammed,
  • Ahmed M. A. El Naggar,
  • Esraa M. El-Fawal

摘要

The depletion of low-sulfur crude oil reserves has made the production of low-sulfur fuels a critical yet challenging goal in terms of being a major contributor of air pollution through release of Sox emissions. This study investigates the synthesis and application of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with tailored hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties for the efficient desulfurization of diesel fuel. Four ILs—1-octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([OMIM][BF4]), 1-octyl-3-ethyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([OEIM][BF4]), 1-octyl-2,3-dimethyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([ODMIM][BF4]), and 1-octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([OMIM][PF6])—were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to remove sulfur compounds from a straight-run diesel fuel feedstock containing 7740 ppm sulfur. Under optimal conditions (25 °C, 20 min, and a 1:1 IL-to-diesel mass ratio), [OMIM][BF4] achieved the highest sulfur removal efficiency of 50.54%, outperforming the other ILs in the order: [OMIM][PF6] (35.55%) < [ODMIM][BF4] (40.53%) < [OEIM][BF4] (45.53%) < [OMIM][BF4] (50.54%). The addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidizing agent further enhanced the desulfurization efficiency to 82.95% at an O/S molar ratio of 40. A multistage oxidative-extractive desulfurization process demonstrated a maximum sulfur removal efficiency of 95% after five cycles, reducing the sulfur content in diesel fuel to 385 ppm. The study highlights the critical role of IL structure in desulfurization performance. The alkyl chain length on the imidazolium cation and the choice of anion (tetrafluoroborate vs. hexafluorophosphate) significantly influenced the ILs' solubility in diesel fuel and their ability to extract sulfur compounds. [OMIM][BF4], with its octyl chain and tetrafluoroborate anion, exhibited the highest efficiency due to its optimal balance of hydrophobicity and solvation power. FTIR analyses confirmed the structural integrity and thermal stability of the ILs, even after multiple recycling cycles, with a recovery efficiency of 98%. These findings demonstrate the potential of ILs as sustainable and cost-effective extractive agents for desulfurization, offering a viable alternative to traditional hydrodesulfurization methods. This study provides valuable insights into the design of IL-based desulfurization systems for industrial applications, contributing to global efforts to reduce sulfur emissions and mitigate environmental pollution.