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<p>This study presents a composite biosorbent, Nano-Fe—SA—XB, synthesized by immobilizing a consortium of <i>Shewanella putrefaciens</i> and <i>Serratia</i> sp. B16 (XB) within a sodium alginate (SA) matrix reinforced with Nano-Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (Nano-Fe). A preliminary orthogonal formulation screening identified 4% Nano-Fe, 4% SA, 30&#xa0;g/L XB biomass, and 4&#xa0;h crosslinking as the selected preparation condition. At pH 7, using a wet dosage of 0.6&#xa0;g (equivalent to a calculated dry mass of ~ 0.03&#xa0;g), Nano-Fe—SA—XB achieved an 80.51% removal efficiency at a 20&#xa0;mg/L initial Cd(II) concentration. Normalized to dry weight, the experimental maximum adsorption capacity was 72.5&#xa0;mg/g at 150&#xa0;mg/L, while the Langmuir-estimated capacity reached 87.8&#xa0;mg/g. Kinetic and isotherm fitting suggested that Cd(II) uptake was consistent with pseudo-second-order kinetics and Sips/Langmuir-type adsorption behavior. SEM–EDS and FTIR analyses suggested that Cd(II) removal was associated with surface complexation and ion-exchange interactions involving hydroxyl, amide/carboxyl, phosphate, and calcium-containing sites. XRD showed no detectable new crystalline Cd-containing precipitates after adsorption. The material also showed NaCl-regeneration potential and 30-day Cd(II) retention/release stability. Overall, Nano-Fe—SA—XB shows potential as a reusable biosorbent for Cd(II)-contaminated water, while further mechanical, thermodynamic, surface-charge, pore-structure, magnetic, and chemical-state characterization is still needed.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Enhanced Cd(II) Removal by Nano-Fe3O4/Alginate-Immobilized Shewanella-Serratia Consortium: Adsorption Performance, Reusability, and Preliminary Mechanistic Interpretation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Shiying Yan,
  • Jian Zhang,
  • Yimeng Liu,
  • Yiping Chen,
  • Tianlan Jiang,
  • Yu Gao,
  • Jie Zhang,
  • Jingqi Gao,
  • Fosheng Li,
  • Jian Zhao,
  • Su Feng

摘要

This study presents a composite biosorbent, Nano-Fe—SA—XB, synthesized by immobilizing a consortium of Shewanella putrefaciens and Serratia sp. B16 (XB) within a sodium alginate (SA) matrix reinforced with Nano-Fe3O4 (Nano-Fe). A preliminary orthogonal formulation screening identified 4% Nano-Fe, 4% SA, 30 g/L XB biomass, and 4 h crosslinking as the selected preparation condition. At pH 7, using a wet dosage of 0.6 g (equivalent to a calculated dry mass of ~ 0.03 g), Nano-Fe—SA—XB achieved an 80.51% removal efficiency at a 20 mg/L initial Cd(II) concentration. Normalized to dry weight, the experimental maximum adsorption capacity was 72.5 mg/g at 150 mg/L, while the Langmuir-estimated capacity reached 87.8 mg/g. Kinetic and isotherm fitting suggested that Cd(II) uptake was consistent with pseudo-second-order kinetics and Sips/Langmuir-type adsorption behavior. SEM–EDS and FTIR analyses suggested that Cd(II) removal was associated with surface complexation and ion-exchange interactions involving hydroxyl, amide/carboxyl, phosphate, and calcium-containing sites. XRD showed no detectable new crystalline Cd-containing precipitates after adsorption. The material also showed NaCl-regeneration potential and 30-day Cd(II) retention/release stability. Overall, Nano-Fe—SA—XB shows potential as a reusable biosorbent for Cd(II)-contaminated water, while further mechanical, thermodynamic, surface-charge, pore-structure, magnetic, and chemical-state characterization is still needed.

Graphical Abstract