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<p>Wastewater irrigation represents a promising strategy for addressing water scarcity and increasing food demand in arid and semi-arid regions. Although, wastewater is enriched with plant nutrients, its indiscriminate use may deteriorate soil and plant health by contributing to salinity buildup and heavy metal accumulation. Thereforem this study aimed to evaluates the effects of wastewater irrigation, applied alone and in combination with canal water, on soil quality, maize growth, nutrient uptake and heavy metal accumulation. A pot experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with six treatments and four replicates: T1, 100% canal water (CW); T2, 100% wastewater (WW); T3, 75% CW + 25% WW; T4, 50% CW + 50% WW; T5, 25% CW + 75% WW; and T6, cyclic use of CW and WW. Soil and maize plant samples were analyzed for salinity, nutrient content, and heavy metal concentrations including Pb, Cd, and Ni. The application of 100% WW (T2) significantly increased soil salinity, electrical conductivity, and heavy metal concentrations. Maize biomass, chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase activity, and nutrient uptake were also highest under T2; however, this treatment resulted in elevated Pb accumulation exceeding the permissible limit of 0.3&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻1. In contrast, cyclic irrigation with canal water and wastewater (T6) reduced heavy metal accumulation while maintaining improved nutrient availability and maize growth. The bioconcentration factor followed the order Pb &gt; Ni &gt; Cd, whereas the translocation factor followed the order Cd &gt; Pb &gt; Ni. Overall, cyclic irrigation using canal water and wastewater provided a balanced approach by improving soil nutrient status and maize growth while reducing heavy metal stress. This strategy may be recommended for the sustainable and safer use of wastewater in agricultural production.</p>

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Cyclic Use of Wastewater and Canal Water Improves Maize Growth while Reducing Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月27日

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  • Shaikh Amjad Salam,
  • Muhammad Qasim,
  • Hossam S. El-Beltagi,
  • Usman Zulfiqar,
  • Mohammed S. Alotaibi,
  • Nozimakhon Khodjimurodova,
  • Kabulzhan Azizov,
  • Nazih Y. Rebouh

摘要

Wastewater irrigation represents a promising strategy for addressing water scarcity and increasing food demand in arid and semi-arid regions. Although, wastewater is enriched with plant nutrients, its indiscriminate use may deteriorate soil and plant health by contributing to salinity buildup and heavy metal accumulation. Thereforem this study aimed to evaluates the effects of wastewater irrigation, applied alone and in combination with canal water, on soil quality, maize growth, nutrient uptake and heavy metal accumulation. A pot experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with six treatments and four replicates: T1, 100% canal water (CW); T2, 100% wastewater (WW); T3, 75% CW + 25% WW; T4, 50% CW + 50% WW; T5, 25% CW + 75% WW; and T6, cyclic use of CW and WW. Soil and maize plant samples were analyzed for salinity, nutrient content, and heavy metal concentrations including Pb, Cd, and Ni. The application of 100% WW (T2) significantly increased soil salinity, electrical conductivity, and heavy metal concentrations. Maize biomass, chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase activity, and nutrient uptake were also highest under T2; however, this treatment resulted in elevated Pb accumulation exceeding the permissible limit of 0.3 mg kg⁻1. In contrast, cyclic irrigation with canal water and wastewater (T6) reduced heavy metal accumulation while maintaining improved nutrient availability and maize growth. The bioconcentration factor followed the order Pb > Ni > Cd, whereas the translocation factor followed the order Cd > Pb > Ni. Overall, cyclic irrigation using canal water and wastewater provided a balanced approach by improving soil nutrient status and maize growth while reducing heavy metal stress. This strategy may be recommended for the sustainable and safer use of wastewater in agricultural production.