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<p>The increasing discharge of dye-containing wastewater poses serious environmental and health concerns, necessitating efficient and sustainable treatment strategies. In this study, Bi–SnS nanoparticles were synthesized via a co-precipitation method and immobilized within chitosan microspheres to enhance stability and facilitate recovery of the photocatalyst. Structural and morphological characterization confirmed the successful formation of the Bi–SnS–chitosan composite with porous microspherical architecture. The synthesized material exhibited a narrow bandgap of 1.95&#xa0;eV, enabling effective visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity. Under optimized conditions, the Bi–SnS–chitosan microspheres achieved a degradation efficiency of approximately 98% for Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) dye within 80&#xa0;min. The catalyst also demonstrated good stability, retaining 96% efficiency after five cycles. Scavenger studies indicated that photogenerated holes (h⁺) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) play dominant roles in the degradation process. Kinetic analysis revealed that the reaction follows pseudo-first-order behavior. These findings highlight the potential of chitosan-based Bi–SnS microspheres as an efficient, reusable, and environmentally friendly photocatalyst for wastewater treatment applications.</p>

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Bi-SnS-Chitosan Microspheres for Solar Light-Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Eriochrome Black-T Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月30日

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  • Atif Khurshaid,
  • Adnan Khan,
  • Shahsawar Khan,
  • Robina,
  • Samarat Mabood

摘要

The increasing discharge of dye-containing wastewater poses serious environmental and health concerns, necessitating efficient and sustainable treatment strategies. In this study, Bi–SnS nanoparticles were synthesized via a co-precipitation method and immobilized within chitosan microspheres to enhance stability and facilitate recovery of the photocatalyst. Structural and morphological characterization confirmed the successful formation of the Bi–SnS–chitosan composite with porous microspherical architecture. The synthesized material exhibited a narrow bandgap of 1.95 eV, enabling effective visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity. Under optimized conditions, the Bi–SnS–chitosan microspheres achieved a degradation efficiency of approximately 98% for Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) dye within 80 min. The catalyst also demonstrated good stability, retaining 96% efficiency after five cycles. Scavenger studies indicated that photogenerated holes (h⁺) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) play dominant roles in the degradation process. Kinetic analysis revealed that the reaction follows pseudo-first-order behavior. These findings highlight the potential of chitosan-based Bi–SnS microspheres as an efficient, reusable, and environmentally friendly photocatalyst for wastewater treatment applications.