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<p>Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) has emerged as a widely detected antibiotic in aquatic environments, necessitating efficient removal strategies. Magnetic biochar (MBC) has gained great interest due to its excellent adsorption capacity for organic and inorganic pollutants and its ease of separation from water, however the structure–property–performance relationship of MBCs derived from different iron precursors is not well understand. This study aimed to reveal the effects of iron precursor and pyrolysis temperature on the structural evolution of MBC and their adsorption performance toward SMX. The results showed that increasing the pyrolysis temperatures from 600&#xa0;℃ to 900&#xa0;℃ significantly enhanced pore development and carbon aromatization of MBCs produced from coconut shells and four types of iron minerals (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, FeCO<sub>3</sub>, and FeS<sub>2</sub>), thereby improving their ability to adsorb SMX. Iron incorporation in MBCs altered the pore structures and generated extra reactive sites, leading to an enhanced adsorption capacity for SMX. While the variations in iron precursors lead to different iron-phase evolution during pyrolysis, which further influence the adsorption performance of MBCs. Among all samples, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-MBC prepared at 900 ℃ exhibited the highest adsorption capacity (74.1&#xa0;mg·g<sup>−1</sup>), broad pH tolerance, and excellent recyclability. Kinetics, isotherms, and mechanistic analyses suggested that the adsorption of SMX by MBCs were may governed by the synergistic effects of pore accessibility, π–π interactions, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and possible Fe-centered surface interactions. These findings provide a precursor- and temperature-dependent design strategy for developing high-performance MBC for antibiotic removal.</p>

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Enhanced Adsorption of Sulfamethoxazole by Iron Modified Coconut Shell Biochar: The Influences of Iron Precursors and Pyrolysis Temperatures

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Hao Chen,
  • Tao Cao,
  • Xu Yan,
  • Cuncun Xu,
  • Jianzhong Song,
  • Guohua Zhang,
  • Yin Zhong,
  • Haiyan Song,
  • Ping’an Peng

摘要

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) has emerged as a widely detected antibiotic in aquatic environments, necessitating efficient removal strategies. Magnetic biochar (MBC) has gained great interest due to its excellent adsorption capacity for organic and inorganic pollutants and its ease of separation from water, however the structure–property–performance relationship of MBCs derived from different iron precursors is not well understand. This study aimed to reveal the effects of iron precursor and pyrolysis temperature on the structural evolution of MBC and their adsorption performance toward SMX. The results showed that increasing the pyrolysis temperatures from 600 ℃ to 900 ℃ significantly enhanced pore development and carbon aromatization of MBCs produced from coconut shells and four types of iron minerals (Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeCO3, and FeS2), thereby improving their ability to adsorb SMX. Iron incorporation in MBCs altered the pore structures and generated extra reactive sites, leading to an enhanced adsorption capacity for SMX. While the variations in iron precursors lead to different iron-phase evolution during pyrolysis, which further influence the adsorption performance of MBCs. Among all samples, Fe3O4-MBC prepared at 900 ℃ exhibited the highest adsorption capacity (74.1 mg·g−1), broad pH tolerance, and excellent recyclability. Kinetics, isotherms, and mechanistic analyses suggested that the adsorption of SMX by MBCs were may governed by the synergistic effects of pore accessibility, π–π interactions, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and possible Fe-centered surface interactions. These findings provide a precursor- and temperature-dependent design strategy for developing high-performance MBC for antibiotic removal.